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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  l\/licroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Tachnlcal  and  BiMiographie  NotM/NotM  tachniquM  at  UMiographiquM 


The  IfMtitut*  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  fllnilng.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  MMIographlcally  unlqua, 
wMch  may  altar  any  of  tha  Imagas  In  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usujI  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Cdourad  covers/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


/ 


r~~|  Covars  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagia 

Covars  rastorad  and/or  lamlnatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurte  at/ou  pallicuiAa 


r~~\   Covar  titia  missing/ 


La  tKra  da  couvartura  manqua 


□   Colourad  maps/ 
Cartas 


gAographiquas  it  coulaur 


Coloured  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  Uua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  biaua  ou  noira) 


I     I   Colourad  piatas  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planchas  at/ou  illustrations  an  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
Rali4  avac  d'autras  documents 


Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reiiure  serr4e  peut  causer  de  i'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  de  ie  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  mey 
eppeer  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
heve  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certaines  peges  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  la  texte. 
meis,  iorsque  cele  4teit  possible,  ces  peges  n'ont 
pes  *t«  fiimAes. 

Additionel  comments:/ 
Commentairas  supplAmenteires; 


t< 


L'lnstKut  a  microf  ilm4  la  meiileur  exemplalra 
qu1l  lui  a  4tA  possible  da  se  procurer.  Lee  dAtalls 
de  cet  exemplalra  qui  sont  paut-ttre  unlquee  du 
point  de  vue  Mbllographlque.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  Image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  miHhode  normaia  de  fiimage 
sont  indlqute  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
B 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couieur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagias 

Pages  restored  end/or  laminated/ 
Peges  restauries  at/ou  pellicuMes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Peges  dAcolorAes,  tschetAes  ou  piquAes 

Peges  detached/ 
Pages  d*tach4M 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Queiit*  inAgaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matiriai  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  evaliable/ 
Seule  Mitton  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errete 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lee  pages  toteiement  ou  pertieilement 
obscurcies  per  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  AtA  fiimies  i  nouveeu  de  fapon  i 
obtenir  ie  meiileure  imege  possible. 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  chocked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  eu  taux  de  rMuction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  1SX  22X 


2BX 


30X 


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12X 


16X 


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mag* 


The  copy  filmad  hare  has  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  uf : 

National  Library  off  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appearing  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  cordition  and  legibility 
off  the  original  copy  and  In  keeping  with  the 
ffilming  contrect  specifflcations. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  ara  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  ara  filmad  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  lest  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


L'exemplaire  filmA  f ut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArositA  da: 

BibliothAque  nationale  du  Canada 


Las  images  suivantas  ont  tt*  raproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettetA  de  l\  'smplaira  ffilmA,  et  en 
conformity  avac  let  conditions  du  contrat  de 
ffilmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  ffilmte  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plet  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustrstion,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  ffiimte  en  commenpent  par  la 
pramiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustrstion  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dee  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microffiche,  selon  ie 
cas:  la  symbols  -^  signiffie  "A  SUIVRE",  Ie 
symbols  ▼  signiffie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  mey  be  filmed  at 
difffferent  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  ffilmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  lefft  hand  corner,  lefft  to 
right  end  top  to  bottom,  as  many  ffremes  as 
required.  The  ffollowing  diegrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffffArents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  11  est  ffilmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iiiuatrent  la  mAthode. 


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L_ 


THE 


Defences  of  Norumbega 


AND 


A    REVIEW    OF    THE    RECONNAISSANCES 


OF 


Col.  T.  W    HIGGINSON,  Professor  HKNRY  W.  HAYNES,  Dr.  JUSTIN  WINSOR, 
Dr.  FRANCIS  PARKMAN,  anu  Rkv.  Dr.  EDMUND  F.  SLAFIER 


A    LETTER   TO    JUDGE    DALY 

f'resijent  of  tin  Amtruan  Geographical  Soiitty 


BY 


EBEN    NORTON    HORSFORD 


BOSTON-  ANP   NFW  YORK 
HOUlillTON,   MIFFLIN   AND    LO.MI'ANV 

QHlc  Btter«i9t  Prtn.  Cambritst 

l8<)i 


Jons    WlLM)X    A5D    SOS.  CAXnRlDOl. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


\ 


PAOK 

I*R(IH1.KM    OK    THK    XoltTIIMKN ' 

What  tiik  ('kith  s  aiimit  ani>  VViiat  tiikv  denv ^ 

ThK    HaI  TI.K-KIKI.n '® 

CoMMrMiATIoSS    KIliiM    THE   Cl'BTODIANS   OK   THK    PrBSKRVK 1*2 

LkIk's    KxI'KMTION    l-HOM    (-JlSKKM-AND "» 

\{V.\  .    I>H.    Sl.AKTKIt's    I'l  III.ISHKK    V'lKWS 1*^ 

Tin:  Cnv   and  Cm  nikv  ok  N«ki:mbkoa -•! 

ExTIST   OK    tiik    ("oiNTItV '^•' 

Dli.     I'AliKMAN -" 

Tin;  Saii.ok,  Davik  Ingham '-^^ 

AMUtK.W    I  UK  VET -'^ 

.Ikan   Ai.i.ekoxsck 31 

Was  tiikuk  a  City  ok  NoKi'MiiK(iA  ? •^- 

LlST    OK    MaI-S '-^^ 

ThK    KaIMIKSI     NolMMIIKtiA    ON    THIS    SeRIKS    OK    MaPS '■^^ 

ThK    SlllMKICATION    OK    TIIK    LaTITI:I)I:s •'*' 

InENTITY    OK    CaI'E    AnN    WITH    THE    SOITHEHN    CaI'K    BrETOS    OK    AlI.KKONSIE       .       .  'M 

What  Ai.i.kkonsce  raii> '*^ 

Tmk  Wkuiht  ok  tiik   Aithokity 41 

EuKOItS    IN    KSTIMATIM.     LoNlilTrDES    AND    DISTANCES    AT    SkA 43 

The  Uei.ation  <>r  Ai.i.ekonhck  to  the  two  Cape  Hhetons 44 

The  Latitidk  ok  the  Moith  ok  Nom  miikoa  Kivkk &'- 

Anotheu  Nantasket  and  another  Couasset  desckiiii;i)  hy  Champlain      .     .     .  ■'4 


jy  TAUI.K   OK   CONTKNTS. 

rAoa 

Cm'k  Rrkton  and  Sr.  Johan,  — oiii  VAvr  Ann &' 

l,cic.\i,  Mai-  ok  (  aik  Ams 

TlIK   MoiTll   OK   I'llAUI.KS    l{lVKU    V*i;iOl!Sl.Y    INDIIATED "'O 

59 

I'l.YMOUTll    llAlllKilt 

CArK   Ukkton,  ti.k   Cavo   ok   Ynoi.a   Tkhua   ov   ("..ha.  and   thk   Cai-k    Ann   ok 

I'BINCI:  I'llAUI.KS 

Naiikativi:s  ok  1'kksons  who  iiavk  visitkd  tiik  Col  NTiiv  OR  Cnv  or  NolirMllK..A     G-J 

Vkhkazano  vimtkd  tiik  Hoston  Ha«  k   IUv 

Tiik  Tkshmonv  ok  fiiAMPi.AiN  to  tiik  Existbn(  k  ok  tiik  City  of  Nokimhkoa 

on  tuk  ("uables 

Tbansition  I'bkioi)  in  kk(jaki>  to  Nokimiikga '^ 

HaKMYt's    I)l800l-|!SK   ON    NVuSTEllN    Tl-ANTINO - 

Winthkok's  Mak  OK  Hi:!4 '■* 

What  kkmainh  dk  tiik  Wai,i,»  ok  Noiumheoa ''^ 

What  has  iiken  kstahmsiied ...     id 

A    KeSLMI^:    KlIOM    ANOTIIKI!    I'oINT    OK    ViKW *^ 

A   SuMMAKY   ok   TUK   AlUilMKNT   IN    ANOTHER    FoKM "^^ 


LIST    OF   ILLUSTRATIONS   AND    xMAPS. 


PAor. 
Mkmobiai,    Towkk   at    Four    NoRiMiiKiiA    and    thk    iNacKirrioN    on 

TiiK   Taih.kt Frontinpi'ce 

Ka.MS,     I)(m  KS,     ANIi     WllAltVKH    OK      TIIK     A.MIKNT     CiTV     OF     NoKlMllKOA     OS     THE 

ClIAIll.KS     HiVKK     AT     WaTKKTOWN,    IN     M AS.SAfHlSETTS 2 

I'l.A.N    OK    NolU  MliKGA,    \VHII    I'lSHEItlKH    ON    StONY    liltOoK 7 

TkUI!A»  Kit    Ilu.l.-SIUE  AND    AllKA   OK    15owl.I)KK8  AT  THK   iMoiTH  OK    Il'SWICH    UlVKK  .  7 

Ampiiitiieati!K  nkab  BiHu's  PoNi),  Uelmont 9 

AuTii  IKS  KoiNi)  nkau  Leif's  La.ndixo-i'laok 13 

Sui.is  .Mai'  ok   iiik  Kkoiok  ok  Vi.nki.ani)  ani>  the  Colony  ok  Nokvega      .     .     .  'Jii 

Soi-is  Mai-  m    N.iiiVKiiA  in  Eluopk  (Norway) -•• 

I'aIIADISO,    UliKliilO,    ANCitlI.EMK,    NulUMIlECA 'M 

"  UivEK  Ki.owiNi}  TiiuoL'iai  A  Lake  INTO  THE  Sea" 31 

Was  theke  a  City  ok  NoiiiMHEOA  in  the  Foutv-thii:!)  I)i;<iUEE? 33 

I'akt  ok  Mm-  ok  \V\tki:to\vn,  tiii:  Site  ok  the  An<  iext  City  ok  NouuMBEciA  .  34 

IJki.ations  ok  Ai  i.kkonsck  to  the  two  Cape  HitETONS ^^ 

EvirivAi.KNT-!  iiETWKKN  Cai'E  Ann  axi>  Cai>e  CoI) 49 

EyLIVAI.ENTS    OK    THE    lilVKK    ClIAItI.ES 5' 

Mat  KitoM  "VoYAOEs   OK   CnAMri.AiN."    The  Cohasskt  and  Naxtasket  at   the 

MoiTH   OK   THE   Saco ^"^ 

llEU.Eiio's  Map.  liVvJ,  ha  vino  Canai.  St.  Jian  (St.  Julian)  ok  Oomkz  .     .     .     .  .^7 
iiLoKKSTEit    IlAiMioii.      Coast    Suuvey    Map    hhowino    the    Canal    uiscoveked 

BY  Gome/. 5^* 

Cosa'8  Map,  Umo <^> 

TkaNSITION    I'Eltlol)    JN    BEOAUD    TO   NOKUMBEOA '  *' 

Hei.iotype  Copy  ok  Winthkop's  Ohhhnal  Map  ok  lti34 '6 

Daiphin   Map  (Uesielaki;)   1540 ^^ 


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DEFENCES    OF    NOKUMBEGA. 


Jt'DUE  Daly,  Vrmdmt  of  the  American  Gmjraphical  Society : 

Dkau  Siii,  —  You  may  n-call  that  in  my  Story  of  the  Discovery  of 
tht!  Silt-  of  tlie  Ancient  City  of  Norumboga,  at  the  special  meeting  of 
thf  I'ri'siiionl  and  Council  of  the  American  Geographical  Society  liehl 
at  Watfitowii  in  November  of  1881),  I  treated  the  chief  results  at  which 
1  iiad  arrived  as  fulfdments  of  predictions  which  I  had  not  hesitated  to 
malse.  in  the  light  of  legitimate  scientific  deduction,  from  tht!  Vim-huid 
Sagas,  auled  i»y  my  study  of  the  related  literature  and  my  researches 
ill    til."   field. 

In  tiiis  paper  I  shall  give  what  will  be  seen  to  be  contirmation  of 
the  (•(tuvictioiis  expressed  in  my  earlier  communication.  It  will  consist 
of  materitds  that  are  almost  indepemlent  of  the  course  of  argument 
which  I  last  year  pursued.  They  will  be  largely  maps  and  records, 
wiiii  li  tell  a  story  of  themselves  essentially  coincident  with  that  submitted 
at   Watertown. 

It  may  not  have  escaped  your  recollection  that  in  my  letter  to  you 
of  .luiic.  a  year  and  a  half  ago.  under  the  title  of  ••The  Pkohlkm  of 
ruK  NouTiiMKN."  1  was  led  to  the  exclamation.  "Is  Mas.sacliu.setts  a 
Preserve '.' "  I  tlnd  myself  obliged  a  second  time  to  turn  from  the  line 
of  my  researche<  to  that  of  my  personal  defence  ;  and  in  so  doing,  the 
phrase  I  have  cited  seems  as  suited  to  my  present  needs  as  it  was  to 
my  lirst  I  even  see  in  it  a  twofold  quality  that  had  not  earlier  at- 
tracted my  attention.     It  has  its  humorous  as  well  as  its  serious  aspect. 


nKFKNCF.S  (»K    NuurMlir.iiA. 


"% 


V        V 


Whv  not  look  nt  it  from  liotli  si<U"s  V  It  iimy  fulivoii  tlic  (lisrus.xion. 
Wliitlicr  us  a  tiiuM'v  or  u."  an  t'Xi)ri's,xion  ol'  siirprisi-.  ilit-  pluast'  may 
to  stimr  Imvo  sci'IihmI  a  iliancf  sliot.  Il  will  l»f  seen,  lioucviT.  tliat  tin" 
s\\:\\\    toimil    il-i    tarL'i't. 

'I'lic  rictiif  sttiini:  up  of  the  Towrr  ami  its  Tahlof  ol"  Inscriptions  at 
tlu"  mouth  of  Stony  Uroiik.  with  llic  palpaltlc  olijcct  of  drawing'  iitlon- 
fion  to  till'  cailhworks  ot  what,  in  the  liti-raturt"  of  tlir  po^'iaphy  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  hail  hocn  called  a  Fort,  ami  which  1  lielie\t<l 
to  he  one  of  the  seats  oi  a  jrreat  Norse  imliistry.  had.  it  cannot  he 
denied,  the  air  of  conscious  possession  of  thi-  fnld.  My  rii:ht  to  such 
possession  has  lu'eii  challenged,  in  terms  which,  whetiier  welcome  or 
otherwise,  have  effected  a  desirahle  end.  —  they  have  disclosed  the  limit 
of  the  rexMircts  that  may  he  hroiight  to  bear  in  a  charge  on  the 
defences  of  Nornmhega. 

The  di'«pute  of  my  right  has  had  another  cfTi'ct.  It  has  directed  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  ancient  seaport  of  Vineland  fit  Walertown.  It 
has  jieihajis  contrihuted  also  to  the  transfer,  not  necessarily  md'ortiinate, 
of  the  assumed  claim  which  has  heeii  made  to  e\clu-ive  right  of  judg- 
ment upon  the  wt'iglit  of  evidence  in  this  field  from  the  exercise  of  a 
relativ(dy  few  to  whoever  may  care  to  study  the  siiliject  on  the  spot. 
The  physical  remains  of  ancient  structures  deen'.;^'d  essential  to  the  proof 
that  Northmen  once  dwelt  in  the  valley  of  the  Charles,  have  been  found. 
Tliev  can  he  svqu  and  examined  by  any  one.  Their  j)lace  is  settled. 
Tliev  are  not  incoiisiderabh'  in  extent.  The  \ery  citadel  that  is  to  be 
held  or  al)Mndoned  i-  pointed  out.  it  is  at  Watertown,  which  1  hoM  to 
be  tiie  site  (jf  the  ancient  city  of  Norumbega.  'i'his  is  denied  in  terms 
that  cover  all  evidences  whatever,  not  only  of  the  presence  of  .North- 
men in  the  valley  of  the  Chailt-:.  but  on  the  American  rontineiit  .south 
of  Davi.s'  Strait.  The  ti'itiis  of  this  denial  are  not  wanting  either  in 
jireci-ion  or  the  air  of  conviction. 

'i'he    situation   may   not    be   wholly    the   subject  of   regret.      I'o.xsibly  in 
this   sweeping    denial   and   a  reply  lies  the    only   way    in    which    a    newly 


•5  C     ." 

Mi      : 


i 


^> 


1^ 


\ 


DEFENCES  OF  NORUMBEGA. 


» 


m 


discovered  historical  verity  can  be  established.  A  truth  of  recent  advent, 
tnat  is  to  prevail,  like  an  exotic  in  the  plant  world,  as  we  all  know, 
finds  its  texture  hardened  and  toughened  by  exposure  successively  to 
winds  from  all  riuarters.  If  its  support  be  feeble,  it  may  for  the  time 
be  crushed  by  the  violence  of  the  assault:  but  if  it  has  genuine  and 
adequate  foundation,  it  will  finally  assert  itself.  In  this  way  the  roots 
of  plants  and  of  truths  gain  deep  and  lasting  hold.  Let  us  accept  the 
inevitable.  The  truth  m'jst  be  fought  for.  There  must  needs  be  assault 
and  defence.  The  story  of  the  Northmen  can  claim  no  exemption  from 
the  general  law. 

The  preliminaries  have  taken  place  in  proper  or'^^r. 

A  considerable  number  of  gentlemen  of  recognized  authority  in  the 
early  history  of  the  Commonwealth  have  assumed  what  may  be  regarded 
as  the  role  of  Custodians  of  the  Preserve,  and  risen  to  proclaim,  each  from 
his  own  standpoint,  the  inviolability  of  the  ground  I  have  invaded. 

The  language  in  which  they  refer  to  me,  directly  or  indirectly,  as  the 
aim  of  their  communications,  identifies  me  b  jyond  question.  Of  course, 
I  must  play  my  part.  I  am  reconciled  to  the  unavoidable,  and  not  without 
a  measure  of  content,  —  except,  possibly,  with  the  style  of  the  weapons 
used.  I  may  try  to  be  resigned  even  to  this.  To  be  sure,  I  have  been 
surprised.  I  had  not  believed  such  a  kind  of  surprise  profitable  to  the 
critics ;  but  thoy  doubtless  know  best. 

It  will  be  interesting  —  amusing  —  one  of  these  days  to  look  over  a 
record  of  the  charges  aganist  me  for  having  attempted,  In  my  fortunate 
leisure  and  opportunities,  to  widen  the  base  of  the  glory  of  the  State  of 
my  adoption  There  are  charges  against  me  of  "  cartological  perver- 
sion:" '  assertions   that   my  papers   are  .significant  mainly  in  the  "study 

'  I'ctortiiaii's  Mittheiliing  (contrilmled  by  KiiRe),  Hi'fte  !),  189(),  echoes  the  arraijrmnont  by 
the  iiiithor  in  thi  "Narrative  and  riitical  UlRtory  of  America."  on  the  charpie  of  " oartolofrioal 
(ail-)  jwrversion  "  (In  the  letter  of  June,  188!).  I  assumed  this  "  mrtnlor/iral  "  to  be  a  misiirint  for 
rartoffrnphiral,  whi  ;h  is  a  recognized  Enf;lisli  word.)  Of  the  article  fn  the  "  N-ition ''  of  May  3, 
188H,  p  ;l(5H,  in  t)u>  cohiran  of  Book  Notices,  I  have  spoken  in  the  "  Problem  of  the  Northmen  " 
Its  source  is  obvious.    Agno$co  iiiilum. 


' 


I 


DEFENCES  OF  NORUMPEGA. 


of  psychology ; "  that  those  historians  only  find  evidences  of  the  presence 
of  the  Northmen  in  Massachusetts  "who  are  distinguished  for  exuber- 
ance of  imagination  and  redundance  of  thought;"  that  the  idea  of  evi- 
dence of  any  kind  that  Northmen  ever  came  south  of  Davis'  Strait  is 
••  abandoned  except  by  a  few  enthusiastic  advocates ;  "  that  I  am  trying 
by  unworthy  means  to  impose  upon  children  (not  to  say  grown  men  and 
women)  my  views  on  the  subject  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  North- 
men ;  *  that  I  rely  upon  evidence  which  at  the  best  is  only  "  insufficient  and 
trivial ; "  that  my  authorities  are  untrustworthy,  little  known,  or  vague 
and  uncertain  in  statement, —  and  so  on.  And  these  sweeping  charges 
are  made  by  gentlemen  who  conceive  themselves  entitled  to  claim  that 
their  naked,  adverse  opinion  shall  be  accepted  as  competent  authority 
in  a  matter  of  geography,  while  there  are  countless  maps  and  charts, 
and  the  testimony  of  discoverers  and  explorers,  which,  carefully  examined, 
iiuiif  be  found  to  hold  as  I  do. 

The  fate  tliut  has  attended  my  researches  is  not,  however,  Wituout 
precedent.  It  might  be  considered  improper  in  me  to  allude  to  instances 
in  the  history  of  geographical  discovery ;  but  there  is,  in  another  field  of 
research,  an  old  and  familiar  illustration  of  the  reluctance  with  which  new 
truth  is  generally  received.  —  for  example,  in  the  fate  of  Ilarvey,  who  dis- 
covered the  circulation  of  the  blood.  lie  conducted  experimental  researches, 
and  piibli.slied  the  results  to  which  they  led  him.  He  was  credited  by 
the  critics  of  his  time  with  adopting  absurd  views  after  trivial  research. 
But  he  was  wi.«e  enough  to  expect  that  the  magnificent  discovery  he  had 
given  to  the  world  would  not  be  accepted  by  his  contemporaries,  especially 
by  those  piust  middle  age. 

Harvey  was  a  man  of  the  rarest  accomplishment  as  a  scientific  inquirer. 
His  learning  and  skill  were  recognized  ;  he  was  the  cho.sen  physician  of 
two  sovereigns  of  England.      When    his   grc.".t  discovery  was   announced. 


7« 


?*'. 


'  "  The  little  clique  devotod  to  the  Cult  of  the  Norse  Discovery  of  America,  which  they  are  »triv- 
ing  b_v  every  means,  legitimiiU*  or  nilnrwisr,  tn  impose  upon  the  risiiij;  geueratioD, '  etc.  -  Hfniiy  W. 
Uavnes  :  P'orerilmijs  of  ihf  MamachiuetU  Hutorical  Soritti/,  ISiK),  p.  339. 


DEFENCES  OF  NORUMBEGA.  6 

he  was  discredited,  sneered  at,  persecuted,  lampooned,  pitied;  copies  of 
Ilia  elaborate  papers  were  heaped  in  bonfires  and  burned  ;  he  was  virtually 
driven  from  the  profession.  By  whom,  do  you  ask  ?  I  answer,  I3y  many 
of  the  most  distinguished  —  yes,  and  learned  —  of  the  medical  fraternity 
of  his  age.  How  could  this  have  been,  one  naturally  inquires.  The  reply 
is  near  at  hand :  They  might  have  made  the  discovery  themselves.  As 
they  were  competent,  and  did  not,  no  one  could.  This  was  the  legiti- 
mate conclusion  of  hia  critics.  We  explain  it  by  saying  that  such  con- 
duct is  consistent  with  what  we  know  of  human  nature.  It  has  been 
said,  with  a  hint  not  always  deeply  concealed,  that  the  human  nature 
of  the  individual,  like  that  of  the  race,  changes  slowly.  In  time,  how- 
ever, the  world  came  to  accept,  and  believe  and  profit  in,  the  discovery 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood. 

Can  any  one  who  offers  to  show  evidences  of  a  birthday  for  the  colo- 
nization of  the  basin  of  the  Charles  enrlier  by  six  hundred  years  than  the 
advent  of  the  Puritans  expect  to  escape  the  penalty  appointed  for  his 
audacity  ? 

One  need  not  pursue  the  theme.  It  is  a  very  old  experience,  and  not 
confint'd  to  any  one  country  or  time.  Let  me  accept  at  once  the  re- 
sponsibility of  all  with  which  I  may  fairly  be  charged,  and  brace  myself 
to  the  consequences.  I  need  not  refer  to  the  discovery  of  the  Landfall  of 
John  Cabot  in  1497,  and  the  guess-work — not  to  say  more  —  of  Sebastian 
hia  son,  nor  of  the  clearing  up  of  the  truth  of  the  narratives  of  Verrazano 
and  of  Gomez,  which  in  general  terms  I  have  more  than  once  placed  in 
print.  They  belong  to  another  field.  I  am  now  to  consider  only  the 
work  in  connection  with  the  Northmen.     Here  is  a  general  summary : 


It  is,  I  believe,  true  that  I  was  the  first  to  discover  that  the  Land- 
fall of  Leif  Erikson  was  on  an  island  once  at  the  north  end  of  Cape 
Cod,  now  joined  to  the  mainland,  but  still  existing  at  the  time  of 
Cosa  (1500),  Riiysch  (1507),  Allefonsce  (1542),  and  Gosnold  (1602);  the 
first   to  trace   Leif's  sail  thereafter  across  the  mouth  of   Cape   Cod   Bay 


DEFENCES  OF  KOKUMBEGA. 


nnd  along  tlic  coast  from  the  Gurnet,  pa«t  Cohasset  and  Nantasket,  to 
Boston  Harbor,  where  he  grounded  on  an  ebb  tide,  and  later,  with  the 
incoming  floal,  passed  through  the  entrance  to  the  Boston  Back  Bay, — 
the  Hop  of  Thoifinn,  "a  small  land-locked  bay,  salt  at  Hood  tide  and 
fresh  at  ebb,"  —  the  small  lake  three  leagues  around  of  Verrazano,  "  the 
lake  through  which  a  river  [the  Charles]  flowed  from  the  land  to  the 
sea,"  according  to  Leif,  —  to  the  site  of  his  house  at  Gerry's  Linding 
in  Cambridge;  the  first  to  recognize  in  the  Sagas  the  exploni.ion  of 
Charles  River  by  Thorwald ;  the  first  to  identify  the  Furdustrand  pur- 
sued by  Thorfinn  around  the  curve  southward  from  Kjalarnes  (Cape  Cod) 
to  Nauset  Harbor,  and  a  few  leagues  beyond  to  a  second  bay ;  the 
first  to  identify  the  strait  against  Chatham  as  the  Straumfjcird  of  Thorfinn ; 
the  first  to  identify  the  extension  of  the  present  Mononioy  as  the 
Strauraii  (Island  of  Currents)  outside  of  the  Straunifjiird  of  Thorfinn ;  and 
lastly,  to  show  that  his  party  did  not  go  southward  beyond  the  elbow  of 
Cape  Cod.  It  was  also  my  fortune  to  discover  the  great  fisheries  of 
Stony  Brook,'  including  the  more  than  four  acres  of  area,  evenly  paved 
with  closely  and  skilfully  r.djusted  massive  bowlders,  resting  on  the  ex- 
panse of  deep  vegetable  mould  at  the  bottom  of  the  valley ;  also  to 
find  and  explore  the  artificial  canals  strewn  throughout  the  basin  of  the 
Cliarles ;  also  to  discover  the  site  of  the  ancient  city  of  Norund)ega,  with 
lis  walled  docks  and  wharves,  dam,  fishway,  and  miles  of  stone-walls 
along  the  Charles  below,  still  in  remarkably  good  preservation,  once 
serving  great  Norse  enterprises,  and  now  more  or  less  in  use  as  under- 
lying or  otherwise  connected  with  prominent  industries  of  the  historic 
village  of  Watertown. 

1  need  not  refer  in  this  connection  to  the  wealth,  philological  and 
ethnological,    that    througn    these    researches    has    been    brought    to   the 

'  From  Biioh  aocounU  m  I  havi-  rn.-  and  hoanl.  I  am  porsimiiol  that  the  pavements  along 
the  shores  at  P.^iiiaqiiii!  in  Mnino,  and  Uip  ma."8«'«  of  iinpiilar  rocks  and  bowlders  at  the  mouth 
of  Ipswich  River,  wliirh  1  have  ha<i  photogra|lied  with  the  luljoininR  terraces,  offer  a  field  for 
archiTolofiral  research  secon.l  only  to  l!,,-,t  of  Stony  Rmok.  -.xa  of  i^ssiMo  settlement  by  Northmen, 
and  devoted  U.  the  same  industries  that  were  pursued  in  the  baain  of  the  Chaile*. 


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DEFENCES  OV  NORUMBEGA 


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Student  of  Massachufletta  history.  I  am  afraid  I  should  be  thought  ven- 
turesome  if  I  were  to  betray  my  estimate  of  the  richness  of  the  field 
opened  up  to  archajology  —  not  of  Massachusetts  alone  — by  the  discovery 
of  Norumbega,  and  the  not  unworthy  pride  the  heirs  of  the  Pilgrims  and 
Puritona  will  yet  take  in  the  possession  of  this  gateway  to  treasure  infi- 
nitely transcending  all  the  material  wealth  which  Whittier's  Norman  Knicrht 
believed  to  be  in  the  "  Barbaric  City." 

It  is  not,  I  know,  altogether  a  light  thing  to  carry  back  through  so 
many  centuries  the  birthday  of  a  realm.  But  as  I  should  do  no  violence 
to  my  own  convictions  if  I  were  to  intimate  that  I  regard  the  deter- 
minations  I  have  made  as  additions  to  the  early  history  of  Massachu- 
setts and  of  America,  so  I  believe,  that,  having  been  led  to  give  time 
and  effort  to  establish  these  convictions,  I  am  in  duty  bound  to  stand 
in  their  defence. 

I  need  not  go  further.  If  at  all,  I  am  unquestionably  a  poacher  of 
degree. 

If  this  be  a  sufficient  acknowledgment  of  my  offences,  in  view  of 
what  has  been  directed  against  me  personally,  let  me  return  to  the  more 
serious  phase  of  the  — 

Problem  of  the  Northmen. 

To  dispute  my  views,  there  have  appeared  in  the  columns  cf  a  leadintr 
newspaper  of  Boston '  the  communications  to  which  I  have  referred.  They 
discredit  the  conclusions  at  which  I  have  arrived  in  a  field  of  geographical 
research,  after  several  years  of  uninterrupted  investigation,  with  every  co- 
operation I  could  command. 

Among  the  writers  who  have  done  me  the  honor  to  differ  from  me 
nnd  publicly  to  express  their  dissent,  is  the  Rev  Dr.  Edmund  F.  Slafter, 
the  venerable  editor  of  Beamish's  Translation  of  certain  of  the  Vineland 
Sagas  for  the  Prince  Society's  Publications;  also  of  its  edition  of  Cham- 
plain's    Voyages,   to   which   he   prefaced   a  carefully  prepared   memoir  of 

'  The  "Dostou  Evening  Traveller"  of  Dec.  28,  ISSf). 


•  I! 


'   ! 


f  1 


I 


DEFENCES  OF  NURUMBEGA. 


'■r^ 


l';.S 


m 


the  great  explorer ;  also  of  the  life  of  Alexander,  Earl  of  Sterling,  whose 
possessions  by  royal  gift  once  stretched  away  westward  on  either  side  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  its  tributary  lakes,  and  beyond  them  to  the  Ver- 
milion Sea,  —  the  Gulf  of  California.  In  addition  to  these  publications  of 
the  Society  of  which  Dr.  Slafter  was  one  of  the  original  incorporators, 
he  is  the  author  of  r  ..ch  other  most  useful  work.  Among  my  critics  and 
censors  also  are  Dr.  Francis  Parkman,  Vice-President  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  the  classic  historian  of  the  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New 
World,  and  the  author  of  many  brilliant  volumes  in  the  same  field  that 
have  placed  him  in  the  front  rank  of  men  of  letters;  Dr.  Justin  Winsor, 
the  editor  of  the  "  Memorial  History  of  Boston,"  and  of  the  "  Narra- 
tive  and  Critical  History  of  America ; "  Prof.  Henry  W.  Haynes,  whose 
contributions  to  Ethnology  and  Archaeology  are  well  known,  and  to 
whose  earlier  expressions  of  dissent  and  those  tf  Mr.  Winsor  I  have 
called  attention  in  my  letter  of  June,  1889,  upon  "The  Problem  of  the 
Northmen ; "  and  Col.  Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson,  whose  great  ser- 
vices in  various  fields  of  literature  are  as  familiar  to  the  reading  world 
as  is  his  gallantry  in  the  late  war,  and  his  chivalry  wherever  truth  or 
right  has  appeared  to  him  to  be  assailed. 

WnAT  THE  Critics  admit  and  What  they  dent. 

Most  of  these  writers  do  not  seriously  question  that  the  Northmen 
may  have  discovered  the  continent  of  America  somewhere  to  the  south- 
west of  Greenland,  and  may  have  remained  in  the  neighborhood  of  their 
Landfall  for  a  few  years.  This  they  deem  possible.  Such  an  admis- 
sion is  conservative  and  safe.  Such  a  frame  of  mind  is  consistent,  of 
course,  witjj  almost  any  measure  of  scepticism  in  regard  to  precision 
of  statement. 

The  proposition  to  which  they  have  allied  themselves  is  this:  — 
They  hold  that   trustworthy  evidence  of  the  presence  of  the  North- 
men, such  as  the  traces  of  human  handiirork,  or  other  archaeological  testi- 
mony, has  not  been  found,  and  (by  some  of  these   gentlemen  it  is  held) 


I 


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PKKKNCES  OF  NOUUMBEOA. 


I 


4 


nrt'ff  can  be  found,  in  New  England,  as  the  ground  has  been  canfulli/ 
aiiil  i((it//u<i/il//  nutminid. 

Tlit-'.-e  concluHionH  mifrht  doubtlesH  have  been  expected,  in  view  of 
the  Hpecial  iields  of  hiltor  in  which  these  writers  have  so  long  been 
succi'ssfiilly  enj^nged.  Their  labors  have  been  naturally  confined  largely 
to  till!  study  or  considcraiion  of  what  is  to  be  found  in  banks.  It  is 
not  much  to  perceive,  on  a  little  reflection,  that  we  do  not  look  in 
books  /'('/•  (hscn'/>/ioit.i  of  ii'hal  has  »oi  hccn  see)).  The  principal  way  in  which 
knowledge  can  be  gained  of  the  presence  of  still  existing  memorials  of 
the  Northmen  on  our  shores,  as  yet  not  recognized,  is  by  looking  where 
the  impressions  may  have  been  made,  —  w  the  JidtL  There,  if  they  exist, 
we  may  hope  to  fnid.  with  thoughtful  consideration  of  what  can  have 
survived  the  incidents  of  time,  the  traces  of  material  structures  properly 
to  l)e  ascril)ed  to  the  Northmen.  To  be  guided  to  the  general  field,  one 
might  be  expected  in  a  question  like  this  to  take  advantage  of  the 
writings  of  the  early  Scandinavian  explorers,  who  claim  to  have  visited 
Vineland,  The  thoughtful  student  would  consult  also  the  history  of  the 
geographical  terminology,  in  connection  with  the  native  languages,  of 
the  region  conceived  to  have  been  occupied  by  the  Northmen.  Besides 
these,  there  is  another  branch  of  philological  evidence  connected  with 
cartography  whicli  will  be  opened  up  in  the  progress  of  this  letter. 
Not  one  of  the.se  lines  of  investigation  seems  to  have  attracted  the  sus- 
tained   and   profitable    attention  of  my  critics. 

Nevertheless,  they  have  found  what  they  are  willing  to  put  in  print 
in  defence  of  the  trust  they  have  assumed,  and  I  ask  you  to  look 
at  the  significance  of  it  as  a  demonstration  against  the  ancient  city  of 
Norumbega.'  You  will  see  with  what  measure  of  care  they  have  studied 
what,    in   conunon    with    others,    they   have   had    opportunity    to   read. 

>  I  ilo  not  pro]His(>  in  tliis  jmper  to  ron-sider  tlie  I.andlall  of  Leif;  tli.-it  ami  tlu'  site  of  liis 
house  in  Vinpland  will  soon  follow.  I  siiall,  howevpr.  be  com|iclU'd  to  borrow  some  of  ks  illus- 
tnitioiis  to  nii'et  my  ]ireseiil  needs.  I  roi>cati'illy  introduce  'I'rtain  maps,  for  re.isons  that  will  be 
siitriiiciitly  nl.vidu.t.  Tliey  carry  conviction,  whore  without  them  the  best  t«xt  would  bo  ditEcult 
U)  iMiderslaiul. 


^ 


10 


PKFEXCKS  or    NOlUMlUCdA. 


The  Hattle-iiki.d. 

The  burden  of  tlio  present  letter  is  the  iletermiiiation  of  tho  identity 
of  the  site  of  the  histurie  eity  ot'  Noniinbeoii  with  thut  ol'  Walertown.  1 
have,  in  tho  "  I'rohleiii  of  tho  Xorthnieii  "  and  in  vurioiis  |.,ir;iirr,'i]rns  in 
other  papers,  pointed  out  wilii  some  dejiree  of  va<ineness  —  not  always 
unpurposed  —  that  tJje  Landfall  of  Leif  was  on  Cape  Cod.  and  his  house 
on  the  Charles;  and  1  reeogni/.e  that  the  proofs  1  have  oU'errd  on  those 
points  are  rather  ineidental  than  earefuUy  set  in  order  and  prepared  to 
earry  clear  eonvictioii.  My  jciper  on  these  themes,  thouLdi  long  .sineo 
nearly  throii::h  the  [ti'css.  has  lieen  lorced  aside.  It  seemed  necessary  to 
reply  to  the  personal  retlections  to  wliicdi  1  have  heen  suhjecteil,  and  to 
ini.ke  known  without  umieces.sary  delay  the  discoveries  of  the  phvsical  r<'- 
mains  —  the  works  of  onu^inoering  and  tho  masonry  —  I  have  found  in 
the   hasin  of  the  Charles. 

In  the  story  of  the  discovery  related  to  yon  on  the  completion  of  the 
Towel.  I  have  told,  as  already  intimated,  how  I  was  conducted  hy  hints 
in  the  .<agas  and  peison.al  e.\i)loration  in  the  lield  to  the  site  of  Norum- 
lieua.  1  ghmci'd  onlv  at  the  arLnunents  restiunr  on  seantv  carto^-ranhv 
and  the  literature  of  geograjdiy.  One  of  luy  wishes  has  heen  that 
tho-^e  who  diflfered  from  me  might  he  le.l  to  present,  against  the  views 
1  hold,  the  arguments  that  had  proved  satisfactory  to  theuHtdves.  In 
this  wi>h  I  have  licen  gratified.  The  world,  or  that  small  portion  of  it 
interested  in  ijie  Discovery  of  .\merica  !y  the  N.uihmen.  may  now  know 
on  what  foimdation  rests  the  scepticism  of  (•.■rtaiii  of  the  learned  men 
who  assume   to  he  .lualilleil   to  pronounce  an  opinion   mi  this  sui.jecl. 

The  city  of  Xnrunihega.  as  i  have  held,  underlaid  the  modern  Water- 
town.  T  recall  again  the  /////-.v  ,/  shmr-walU  who-^e  eoustructinn  may  he 
traciMl  to  th..  Northmen.  They  hegin  just  ahove  the  Cniled  States  Arse- 
nal. In  jiiaces  tiny  have  l,een  imdermineil  or  rem-.ved.  In  the  main. 
tluy  are  nearly  continuous  on  .•i'!;er  side  of  i],,.  riv.'r  — much  hotter 
preserved    ^louhtless    repaired,    on     tiie  north    side  —  for    ahoiit     a    milo, 


^1 


^L 


:t 


'm 


DEFEXCLS  OF  NOUUMUEGA. 


11 


oxpanding  at  Watertown  into  docks,  wharves,  a  fishway,  and  a  dam,  at 
the  head  of  tide-water. 

It  may  be  claimed  to  have  lieen  ah-eady  shown,  in  my  earlier  com- 
munication, that  the  (/am  of  founded  hou'ldcrs  —  field-stone  —  of  '.vhich  all 
the  other  walls  ore  dependencies,  was  the  work  of  these  early  colonis^ts 
of  Massachusetts,  —  the  Northmen.  The  communication  which  I  had  the 
honor  in  November  a  year  ago  to  present,  through  you,  to  the  American 
Geographical  Society,  traced  the  origin  of  the  dam  to  an  industry  of  the 
No. .-emeu,  —  or  rather,  before  I  hud  seen  them,  deduced  the  dam  and 
seaport,  with  the  docks  and  wharves,  as  indispensable  requirements  for 
the  conduct  of  a  great  Norse  industry,  of  which  glimpses  are  given  in  the 
Vineland  Sagas.  The  occasion  and  the  time  at  my  command  did  not  per- 
mit the  evidence  in  adequate  detail  of  the  correctness  of  my  position. 
That    I    propose    to   submit    in    this  connuunication.* 

The  time  is  not  distant  when  all  who  have  the  needed  leisure  to  in- 
vestigate the  subject  will  acquiesce  in  my  domiustmtion  —  I  give  my  as- 
sent to  nothing  less  —  that  Leif  landed  on  Cape  Cod  in  the  year  1000. 
and  built  his  house  on  the  Cliarles  near  the  Cambridge  City  Hospital ; 
and  that  his  countrymen  iind  their  descendants,  for  centuries,  conducted 
extensive  industries  in  the  basin  of  the  Charles  and  elsewhere  in  New 
England,  of  which  Norumbega  is  one  of  the  keys  and  the  monument.'- 


^li' 


'  To  this  t'nd,  mainly,  I  have  arraiitrcd  on  detached  sheets  suites  of  maps — holiotype  copies  — 
constitiitinp  absolute  facsimiles  of  early  authoritative  worli-i.  many  of  tlicni  rare.  Each  sheet  of 
maps  is  desijfned  to  aid  the  student  in  unilerstandins;  tlie  line  of  investiiriition  I  have  pursued, 
in  regard  to  one  or  two  points  only,  liearinc;  on  the  presence,  many  centuries  ago,  of  a  colony 
of  Northmen  in  the  h.asin  of  the  Charles  It  w.is  inevitable  that  siiiyle  maps  and  importiiiit 
individual  facts  shtvuld  he  rej)eaii'd. 

'  Joshua  Toulmain  .Smith  remarks  that  some  of  Thorfinn'a  party  remained  in  Vineland.  (Jndrid. 
si.  Kohl  divines,  told  the  authorities  at  Home  of  the  beautiful  new  country  in  the  west,  Vineland 
the  Good,  —  "  Vinland  det  Goda."  — and  about  the  Christian  settlements  tnaile  there  by  Soaiidi- 
navians.  .Sweyn  II.,  KiiiK  of  Denmarls,  tol<l  .\dam  of  Bremen  (see  "Church  History."  I(i7il), 
of  the  Island  where  grapes  prew  wild,  and  corn  grew  spontimenusly,  of  which  intellic:i>nc'>  had 
lieen  brou;;ht  liini  by  trustworthy  Panish  subjects  :  "  I'raetcrea  unain  adhuc  insulam  recitavit  a 
multis  reperlam  in   illo  Oceano,   (juae  dicitur  Wiriland,  eo  quod  ibi  vites  sponte  nascuntur,  viiuim 


I    1 


12 


nKKr.NCrS  ok    NOUr.MUKGA. 


I  do  not  forirot  that   otlu>rs  may  not  Ibul   llu'  Ibico  of   tlio  ovidonco  of 
cartO'Taiiliv  and  of    irt'OLiraiiliii'al    noiiiLMicIaturc  as   1  do.      To   thoni   thoro 

i"         I        »  111 

will  coino,  in  itropcr  ^;^,'(lu^.'lu•^\  the  narrativi's  of  piTsonal  visitors  to  the 
silo  of  Noruiubega  in  thi'  sixtoi'iith  ci'iitiirv.  To  those  who  eannot  believe 
that  the  >'orthini'n  were  in  the  valley  of  the  (.'liarles  nntil  there  he  laid 
before  them  the  demonstration  of  the  pneise  latitude  of  the  points  in 
question,  there  will  he  sup[ilied  in  the  judirress  of  this  paper  the  needed 
conditions  lor  the  removal  of  their  last  doulit. 

Let  nie  indultre  the  hope  that  all  who.  with  little  or  no  careful  investi- 
gation, now  so  coMfidently  assert  their  declarations  ajrainst  the  presence 
here  if  early  Northiiu  .  may  lure  the  satisfaction,  in  conunon  with  others 
happily  more  free  to  •  ,  new  views,  of  seeiuL""  the  time  when  it  shall 
be  ditlicult  to  tind  in  .M;,,-  'i  usetts  a  man  who  did  not  ••  tihrni/s  know  Had 
Xortliiiad  fitl/uj  snniri'-Ji,ri'  iilnnti  the  InWii  '>/  tlh'   Charltx.'' 

CoMMrXICATlOXS    Fi:OM    THE    CrbTODIANS    OF    TIIK    PuF.SKUVE.' 

The  letttT  of  Colonel  ni;_'L'inson  LM\e<  hi<  views  of  the  jnirpose  which 
the  ancient  ditches  at  the  niouth  of  Stony  IJniok  may  have  subserved. 
—  some  hydraulic  experiments  of  the  early  colonists;  speaks  of  tlu'  rela- 
tive interest  he  linmd  in  the  photoLM'aphic  illnstrations  of  ^ome  of  my 
paper.-,  as  compared  with  the  iiigraviiiu-s  of  the  "Northern  Anticjuaries  " 
of  lifty  year-i  ago.  and  with  some  kindred   criticism  coiKdudes  as  follows : 

"  I'orsniiuUy.  [  slioiilil  iiki'  iiii  ;inli;i-nln_rir:il  ilisc()\cry  licttrr  th;ui  one  wliich 
sliiiuM  plaeo  tin-  haunts  df  th,-  Nni'tlniii  ii  anioiiLT  tlirsc  hills  ami  incadnws  where 
I    |ila\v,l    ill   chiliih  .M.l .    Iiat    I   can   sec   no  .•vidrucc   for   it.     \V.>    arc    all    indchtod 

Dl'tinmm  f'Tciitcs,  N.iiii  .t  U'nz>'-<  il'i  ii.-ii  s.'iniii:itii'<  .il'uii.l.-in'  ii.'-  filnilnsn  oi'luioiio.  ?cil  cert.l 
l);ur.i:iiii  ciiipcnaius  ivhitioi,,..-  Kxi^^.litinns  In  \-n.rl:iii.l  ..t  th.'  l.rL'i:iiiim,'  of  th.'  clev.Mith  Cfiitiin- 
an-  «ai.l  in  1\m-  SiifT'is  to  li;iv  1ih,.,i  ImiIIi  ••  prMtlCl.!,-  and  li..ii..,;.l.l.'  "  Nnnl-ii-kjoM,  \\\i.,  h.is  twic 
Ni.-ife.l  i;r....nl:ui.l.  ami  lia'ijriviMi  IIS  th.'Mii.|.o<,.,l  «i|,.  of  tin'  .Iw.-llini:;  of  Kirik  Uaii.lo  aii.l  of  L.'if  liis 
-III,  at  Hrat.t:il:;i.l.  ^ay<  (Ik  No'll.m..i,  w.r,.  h.T,.  --  j,,  Vc,.  laihl  ^  for  i,i,,r..  tliaii  tiir-o  luc.tr.'.l  years. 
lie  wholly  acinicsw?  in  Uie  view  tlial  tlie  Xortlimcu  \w,-.\u\.'  lo-'lv  iii.'rL'e.l  in  tlie  Imlian  trilu'.-. 
■i  wliicli  «.•  have  almu.laiit  cvMeiioe  in  local  names,  aii.l  in  utii.r  loruis  wliieli  I  eaniiol  enlaige 
ii;M'Ii  l.ero. 


C 


'   In   the  "lioston   l-Avnin.    Travt-ller"  of  Dee 


1--;. 


ji 


PI 

a 
0 

S 


t-?'»S.|S': 


tmmfmmmm 


i    r 


'*f 


■:^ 


DEFENCES  OF  NORUMBEGA. 


18 


to  him  [Roraford]  for  calling  attention  to  an  interesting  conundrum  in  local 
;intii)uities,  but  1  cannot  see  that  lie  has  contributed  anytliing  towards  its  solution; 
and  ho  was  irrtainly  led  into  a  little  unfainifgg  in  tlie  titlepage  of  one  of  his 
pamplilets,  where  he  seemed  to  attribute  to  Mr.  Winsor  a  sentence  written  by 
Mr.  (icorgc  Bancroft,  which  Mr.  Winsor  had  only  quoted  with  approval." 

Possibly.  Ijet  u.s  look  at  the  measure  of  the  unfairness.  I  submit 
first  what  Mr.  Bancroft  said  (p.  312,  vol.  iii.,  1840).  It  carries  the  mark 
of  the  confident  conviction  of  the  venerable  historian : '  — 

"  »SV(»;i(/(Hai"j(i««  may  have  reached  the  shores  of  Labrador;  the  soil  of  the  United 
States  has  not  one  vestige  of  their  presence," 


'  Even  Iloinor  was  saiJ  at  times  to  nod.  There  is  precedent  for  almost  anything  in  tlie  way 
of  niistalji.'s  among  the  writings  of  our  best  men.  There  was  even  a  "vinegar"  Bible.  The 
habits  of  re.search  which  pcrmi.ted  the  statement  found  on  p.  31:2,  vol.  iii.,  18-10,  and  to  which 
Colonel  lli;,',i,'inson  and  Dr.  Winsor  have  refe-red,  belong  to  a  class  not  inaptly  illustrated  on 
the  next  page  but  one  to  that  referred  to,  of  the  "History  of  the  United  States"  (p.  311). 
Mr.  liancroft  there  remarks  :  "  It  is  a  curious  coincidence  that  among  the  Algonquins  of  the 
Atlantic  and  of  the  Mississippi,  alike  among  the  Narragan.sett8  and  the  Illinois,  the  \<irth 
Star  was  called  the  '  AVur.'" 

In  the  niiirgin  are  these  references  :  "  R.  Williams  ;  see  Le  Clercq's  Relation  de  la  Gaspesie, 
152-I.')3  ;   Charlevoix,  iii.  400." 

Turning  to  Roger  Williams,  on  page  21  he  says  :  "  2.  As  the  Greekes  and  other  nations,  and  our- 
selves call  the  seven  starres  (or  Charles  Waine,  tlie  beare).  so  do  they  Mo.sk,  or  Paykannawaw  the 
beare."  .\nd  on  page  *),  we  find  :  "  Mosk  or  Paukunawaw  [vie],  the  Great  Beare,  or  Charles 
Wame,  which  words,  'Mosk  or  I'ankiiiinawwaw '  [-'(V],  nignilies  a  Beare,  which  is  so  much  the 
nioie  ob.servable,   Iwcause    in    most    languau'es  tliat   signe  or  constellation   is  called  '  the   Beare.'  " 

Le  Clerc(]  s.iys:  "Though  our  Giispesiens  are  so  ignorant,  that,  as  we  have  said,  they  can 
neither  read  nor  write,  they  have  neviTtheless  some  knowledge  of  the  (ireat  and  the  Little  Boars; 
which  they  imII,  the  first,  Mouhiiiiie,  and  the  sciond  Mouhin-chichte,  which  means  in  our  language 
aub8t:iiiti;illy  the  (ireai  and  the  Little  Bears." 

Charh'vuix  (vol.  iii.  p.  100)  says:  "They  give  the  name  of  'Bear'  to  the  four  principal 
stars  of  what  we  call  the  '  Great  Bear  ; '  the  three  which  comixjse  its  tail,  or  which  are  the 
train  of  the  Chariot  of  David,  are,  according  to  them,  the  'three  Hunters,'  which  pursue  the  Bear. 
.  .  .  Tlio  Indians  of  Aradie  name  the  whole  simply  the  great  ami  little  Bears.  .  .  .  The  most 
part  of  the  Indians  call  the  jKunr  .Star  •  the  Slnr  that  ihies  not  tnnve.'  " 

The  definition  of  Charli's's  '''ni-i  found  in  the  Imperial  Dictionary  is,  "The  seven  brightest 
stars  in  the  constellation  called  Ursa  .Major,  or  The  (ireat  Bear" 

Tlie  constellation  of  the  Great  Bear,  or  Ursa  Major,  had  apparently  been  first  mistaken  by 


14 


nEFEXCES  OF  NOlirMBEdA. 


What  Mr.  Winsor  said  (p.  95,  vol.  i.,  '•  Narrative  and  Critical  History 
of  America")  i.sthis:  Referring  to  what  Mr.  Bancroft  had  published —  " /o 
lh(  inli'iit  that  Owiuih  '  ^coiuHmtrians  vm//  luire  remind  the  .shons  of  iMhmdor, 
the  soil  of  the  United  States  kis  nut  one  ?r,v//yc  of  t/ieir  presence,'  is  THUK  NOW  AS 
WnEN    FIRST   WKITTKX." 

What  the  titlepage  of  ny  letter  of  June  1,  1881),  gave  as  iho  "  opinion 

of  Justin    Winsor,"  was  this  :  — 

"  Tliouijh  Scandinavidiis  vui>i  have  reaehed  the  utiores  if  Labrador,  the  toil  of  the 
United  Sttites  has  not  one  veMit/e  of  their  i>reKenee." 

Mr.  Winsor  in  his  recent  communication  relieves  Mr.  Bancroft,  Colonel 
Iligginson,  and  himself  in  the  following  passage,  which  1  quote  from  his 
communication  in  the  "Traveller":  — 

"  There  in  nut  a  Himjle  item  of  all  the  evidence  advanced  from  time  to  time,  which 
eon  be  nail  to  eimneet  bi/  areh<rolo;ilea!  trai'ex  the  pregenee  tf  the  Northmen  on  the  toil 
of  North  Ameriea  mnith  of  Bavin'  iStrait.  Ari/umentH  if  thin  kind  have  been  aban- 
doned, exeept  by  a  few  enthu»ia«tie  adroeatfn.''' 

Of  the  qualifications  which  underlie  this  repetition  of  judgment, 
it  may  be  mentiouod  that,  besides  the  vast  editorial  work,  requir- 
ing more  or  less  of  geographical  accomplishment,  upon  the  eight  folio 
volumes  (some  forty-four  hundred  pnges  in  all)  of  the  individual  origi- 
nal researches  of  others  that  go  to  make  up  the  "  Narrative  and  Criti- 
cal History  of  America."  Mr.  Winsor  has  himself  been  a  prominent 
contributor  to  the  work.  He  ha.«.  indeed,  produced,  among  his  Inte.st 
papers,   one   of    nearly   a   hundred    closely    printed    folio    pages,    entitled 


-Mr.  H.iiicroft  for  that  of  I'rsa  Minor,  in  tho  t;iil  of  wliicli  is  Pularis,  the  North  Star  ;  and  this 
cnnstfllminn  hail  been  mistaki-n  for  a  sinijle  slur.  It  is  a  ainijnlar  instance  of  tlie  hurried  ei- 
amination  (it  urifriiia!  antlmrities  by  a  most  learned  man,  of  bad  priKif-rcading  in  the  first 
rovise.  succci'ded  by  iiidiff.rcMit,  or  a  scarcity  of  careful,  readers,  -  i.therwise  the  error  had  l>een 
earlier  pointed  nnt.  Whiiti'vir  tlie  exjilaiiation  may  be  or  may  have  been,  it  is  clear  that  Mr. 
IJancroft's  violent  judgment  on  the  Problem,  however  in  keepiu);  with  the  method  of  research  of 
tlu'  times  in  which  it  vvc-us  written,  carri.s  with  it  a  clear  intimation  of  the  caution  with  which  his 
statements  on  this  theme  should  be  received. 


m 


''^M 


As 


DEFENCf:S  OF  NORUMUEOA.  15 

"Pre-Columbian  Explorations,"  which  purports  to  have  exhausted  the 
literature  relating  to  the  expeditions  of  the  Northmen  to  Vineland,  with 
the  result  we  have  seen. 

Thus,  after  the  eight  folio  volumes  of  "Critical  History  of  America" 
have  been  written  and  published,  we  have  this  result  announced  at  once 
in   the   first  volume  of  the  series,  and  the   last   in   point  of  time:  — 

'•  There  ii  not  a  tnij/le  item  of  .  .  .  evidence  .  .  .  [of]  the  presence  of  the 
Northmen  on  the  soil  of  North  America  south  of  Davis'  Strait." 

To  this  conviction  Mr,  Winsor's  method  of  geograjihical  investigation 
has  conducted  him. 

Professor  Ilaynes  says :  — 

"  There  is  the  same  sort  of  reason  for  believing  in  the  existence  of  Leif  Erikson 
that  there  is  for  bolieving  in  the  existence  of  Agamemnon :  they  are  both  traditions 
nccei)t('d  l)y  the  later  writers.  ...  It  is  antecedently  probable  that  the  Norsemen 
discovered  America  in  the  early  part  of  the  eleventh  century  ;  but  that  discovery  is 
confirmed  by  the  same  sort  of  historical  tradition,  not  strong  enough  to  bo  called 
evidence,  upon  which  our  belief  in  many  of  the  facts  of  history  rests." 

The  likeness  referred  to  has  been  recognized  by  Vigfusson  between 
the  works  of  Homer  and  the  great  poems  of  the  Heroic  Age  of  Scan- 
dinavia,—  such  as  the  Eddas,  —  but  not  before,  so  far  as  I  know,  between 
the  Iliad  on  the  one  hand  and  the  logs  of  mei-chant-ships  preserved  in  the 
Vineland  Sagas  on  the  other. 

That  one  may  appreciate  the  weight  of  this  argument  of  Professor 
Haynes,  compare  the  first  two  stanzas  of  Cowpor's  Iliad  with  the  open- 
ing paragraphs  of  Leif's  Expedition  to  Vineland,  in  the  Saga  of  Eirik 
Raude.     They  read  as  follows:  — 

ILIAD. 

Sing,  Muse,  the  deadly  wrath  of  Peleua'  son 
Achilles,  source  of  many  thousand  woes 
To  the  Achaian  host,  which  num'rous  souls 
Of  heroes  sent  to  Ades  premature, 


I'l 


"^ 


16 


DKKEXCES  OF  NOlUMIlKciA. 

Ami  left  their  liotlios  to  devouring  dogs 

And  binis  of  lli'iiv'n  (^so  Jove  his  will  j)erformM) 

From  thut  drciid  lioiir  wlnii  diHoonl  first  cnibroirj 

Acliilles  and  At  rides,  King  of  Men. 

AVho  of  the  gods  iniiieli'd  tiieni  to  eonteiid  .' 

Latona's  sou  and  Jove's.     l''or  he,  ineens'd 

Against  the  King,  a  foid  contagion  raised 

In  all  the  host,  and  multitudes  destroy 'd, 

For  the  alTront  from  Atre'us'  son  rei'eived 

1>)  his  priest  Cliryses.     To  the  fleet  of  (Irecco 

He  came,  with  ]irceious  ransom  to  redeem 

His  captive  daughter,  and  Ajiollo's  wreath 

And  golden  scc|itre  bearing  in  his  hand. 


LKIF'S   EXPKIMTION   FROM  CHFF.NLAND. 

They  then  fitted  out  their  ship,  and  when  tli-y  were  ready,  sailed  seaward. 

Tliey  now  found  that  country  first  which  njiirni  had  found  last.  There  tlicy  stood 
in,  cast  anchor,  and  put  out  the  boat,  ami  wtiit  asiioic.  but  cuiiid  s(m>  no  grass.  Great 
glaciers  covered  the  hiirliliiuils,  but  it  was  iis  one  flat  rock  fnim  the  sea  to  the  glaciers. 
The  country  appeared  to  be  utterly  worthless. 

Then  said  licif ;  "The  same  thing  luts  not  hapitened  to  us  which  did  to  Hjnrni, — 
that  we  ha\e  not  sto]iiH.'d  ashore;  and  now  1  shall  give  this  country  a  name,  and 
cull  it  IIi:i.i.ri,.\sn." 

They  then  went  to  the  ship  and  jiut  out  to  sea,  and  found  another  country.  They 
again  .sailed  to  land,  cast  anclmr,  put  out  a  bu.at,  and  walked  a.shore.  That  country  was 
level  and  wooded,  and  white  sands  in  many  places  where  tiiey  went,  and  not  steep 
along  tlie  sea. 

Tiicn  .said  Lcif ;    "This  country  shall  be   named  according  to   its  (pialities. — 

M.\RKI,.\N-1)." 

Then  goini:  down  atrain  to  the  .ship  as  rpiickly  as  ixissible.  thoy  sailed  seaward, 
and  for  two  days  they  sailed  witli  a  northeasterly  wind  until  they  sighted  land.  They 
sailed  to  the  country,  and  nunc  to  an  island  whidi  lay  to  the  nortli  of  the  mainland; 
walked  ashore,  ami  looked  about  in  fine  weaiher.  They  ii.,ticed  that  dew  was  on  the 
grass,  and  happening  to  touch  it  with  their  liands  ami  |,ut  it  into  their  mouths, 
thought  they  ne.cr  had  tasted  anything  so  sweet  as  that.     They  then  went  to  their 


■^ 


1 


DKFKNt'KS  OK   N'OUrMIlK(i.\. 


17 


ship,  iinil  Hailed  into  that  sound  which  hiy  between  the  island  and  the  ncR8  which 
jutifil  dut  mirth  of  the  mainland,  and  uteered  wcHtward  past  the  mss.  There,  great 
shallowH  extended  at  ei)l)-tide,  and  then  their  ship  Htood  aground,  and  then  it  ajK 
pcared  far  from  the  vchscI  to  the  sea.  J5ut  so  eager  were  they  to  go  ashore,  that 
they  could  not  wait  until  the  sea  should  return  to  tiieir  shij),  hut  leaped  ashore 
where  a  river  llowed  out  of  a  lake.  Hut  when  the  tide  retm'm'd  to  their  slii|i,  then 
tliey  took  the  l)(mt  and  rowed  to  the  ship,  and  it  moved  up  into  the  river  and  then 
into  the  lake.  Thi'rc  they  cast  anchor,  and  carried  their  leathern  hammocks  ashore 
and  made  booths  there.  They  then  decided  to  dwell  there  during  the  winter,  and 
erected  there  a  largo  building.  .  .  . 

This  is  the  story  of  Leif's  voyage  from  Groenlaml  to  Vineland. 

Dr.  Winsor  nncl  Profes.'ior  Ilaynes  8ub.stantially  repeat  the  criticisms  I 
have  printed  in  my  letter  on  the  "  Prolilem  of  tlie  Northmen,"  —  and  to 
which  1  have  replied,  in  the  same  publication. 

Dr.  Winsor  now  omits  the  .statement  which  1  quoted  from  him  last 
year,  that  the  report  of  the  Committee,  by  it.s  Chairman,  to  the  Massachu- 
setts Historical  Society,  on  the  discovery  of  America  by  tlie  Xortiunen. 
"/)(//'/  exprcs.sed  the  sense  of  the  Society  ...  in  langui'ge  which  seems  to 
be  th«'  result  of  the  best  historical  criticism." 

But  it  does  not  .seem  to  have  occurred  either  to  him  or  to  the  Chair- 
man to  state  that  one  member  of  the  Committee,  the  then  first  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Society,  the  late  Dr.  Charles  Deane,  did  not  acquiesce  in  the 
report,  and  declined  to  sign  it,  —  a  circumstance,  I  may  add,  of  which  that 
gentleman  took  occasion,  after  the  report  was  printed,  personally  to  iul'urm 
me.  It  is  obvious  that  the  expressions  chosen  by  tlie  Corresponding  Sec- 
retary of  the  Historical  Society  must  have  a  technical  rather  than  the  com- 
monly accepted  meaning,  ina.smuch  as  Dr.  Deane  has  been  generally  recog- 
nized to  be  at  the  head  of  this  department  of  resciirch,  in  Ne„  England. 
and  as  such,  entitled  to  personal  recognition,  when  expressing  dissent. 
It  is,  perhaps,  due  that  I  should  mention  that  I  hail  shown  to  Dr.  Deane 
evidences  of  the  presence  here  of  the  Northmen  which  it  had  not  been  my 
fortune  to  point  out  to  my  critics. 


I    I 


i;l 


I.J 
r  \ 


T^ 


^ 


18 


DKFKXCKS  OF   X()lUMl»E(iA 


Rev.  Dr.  Slafter'.s  Puhmsiied  Views. 

Rev.  Dr.  Slafter  remarked,  in  the  course  of  hi.s  public  aMrvan  before  the 
Bostoniuu  Society.'  on  wliich  occasion  I  iiiul  the  honor  to  be  present :  — 

•'  Hid  the  Northinfii  loiivc  on  tliis  continent  luiy  monunionta  or  rcinainH  winch  may 
serve  as  memorials  of  their  ahiMie  hero  in  the  early  jiart  of  the  eleventh  century  ? 
Sources  of  evidence  on  this  point  uuist,  lie  looked  for  In  the  Surras  or  in  the  remains 
which  can  be  clearly  traced  to  the  Northmen.  In  tlie  Sa^ras,  we  are  compelled  to 
say.  as  much  as  we  miiiht  wish  it  otherwise,  wc  have  looked  in  vain  for  any  such  tes- 
timouv.  Tlii'i/  cnitiiiii  «..  eriili-nre  ur  intiiimt'f>n  tlmt  tlir  y'irffimen  comtruitxi  nin/ 
muxonry  h'r,-,  or  luiil  cc'  #^'n.■  upon  nnothr.  .  .  .  ThiVf  hive  been  tome  JdMoriam 
who  have  fomtd  vii»tl;i  iwre  than  1  him'  hem  Me  to  Jineorer,  hut  thei/  helowf  tn  that 
claxs  'if  hintorions  wh>  are  illstinjuinheil  h,/  ejuhenniee  of  iiii(i;/iiia'ion  and  redundance 
of  thow/ht"  ' 

In  the  communication  presented  to  the  public  through  the  "  Trnveller," 
he  says  subsUiiitially  as  follows  :  — 

"  riiiihnid,  the  ha  If,  the  river,  the  inland*  at  the  mouth,  mail  mean  almogf  any  reifion, 
bay,  river,  with  i.-'landx  at  thr  >n'aith,in  Xew  Eiii/land.  X"  evidenee  ivhieh  it  better  than 
insnffieiint  and  trivial  han  hten  bnnoiht  forward  to  patitivelij  locate  them." 

Dr.  Slafter  is  thus  emphatic  in  the  expression  of  his  convictions  because  they 
are  sincere,  and  based,  as  he  felt,  on  adeipiaic  research.     One  may  ask  how  could 

'  As  sHpplifd  to  the  daily  papers. 

'  The  trilic  ni.i\  ii.)t  havi'  met  with  tlie  follnwing  siiitonce  in  tlic  aildrcos  liefore  the  Royal  Society 
by  the  late  Sir  Hiiijainin  Itrodie,  and  wliioh  Tyiidal  iiialics  the  text  of  one  of  his  hrilliant  chapters,  — 
"The  Scientific  I'-t'S  of  the  Inwirinalion ''    — 

"  Phvsical  Investigation,  tnon-  'inn  tinytliinu  vUi'  liesides,  helps  to  teach  us  the  ocliial  value  and  riiht 
u«i'  of  tlie  iina'iinalion,  —  of  that  wondrous  faruliy  wliich  left  to  rainlili-  uncontrolled  leads  ii»  astray 
inti'  a  ■vilderness  of  fHTplexities  and  ernirs,  a  land  of  mists  and  shadows.  1ml  which  pro|M'rly  controlloj 
hy  experience  and  retleition  liei-oines  the  nohlest  atlrihule  of  man,  the  source  of  poetic  penius,  the  inatru- 
nient  of  discovery  in  science,  without  tlie  aid  of  wliich  N'lwicm  would  mver  have  invented  tluxions,  nor 
Davy  have  decomposed  the  earths  and  alkalic^s,  nor  would  Cohiinhus  have  found  another  continent." 

It  is  a  |)leasure  to  recall  tlie  memory  of  this  old  friind  and  classmate  of  nearly  fif\y  years  8R0.  Sir 
Henjaiuin  lirndie  was  the  eldest  sim  of  the  eminent  surgeon  of  London.  After  his  course  under 
the  creat  master  Lichii;,  he  devoted  many  yi'ars,  iis  Professor  of  Cln'mistrv  at  Oxfonl,  to  the  sue 
ecssful  ilevelopment  of  numerous  subtle  lawj  of  Chemistry,  thus  connntiiitr  his  naiue  imperishab|y 
with   the  progress  of  physical  science. 


•I 


DKFKNC'KS  OP  N()UUMHK(;a. 


n 


1  !mvc  iiiTivod  at  otiicrH  ho  unlike  tlii-in  ?  It  can  only  bo  that  from  his  mind  hud 
b((  11  (Hmccalt'd  thu  evidence  which  brought  conviction  to  mine. 

Let  mc  crave  indulgence  for  a  word  ubout  myself.  In  the  CirHt  |iluce  1  have 
liccn  t'ortunate.  The  accident  of  my  rcHidenco  on  the  tide-water  of  the  CluirloH, 
and  my  leisure  and  opportunities,  which  jKirmitted  uninterrupted  study  of  the  prob- 
lem for  Mix  years,  much  of  the  time  in  tiie  field,  gave  what  could  not  have  come 
to  me  had  1  lived  only  so  far  away  as  J5o«tou  from  the  theatre  of  study.  With 
this  there  was,  I  may  perhaps  add,  the  habit  of  testing  problems  by  seicntilic 
methods,  —  to  which  naturally  fell  the  prol)lem  of  the  Northmen;  and  this  came 
of   a  lifetime   given  to   experimental   research. 

V)\vn  with  these  fortuitous  advantages,  I  am  free  to  confess  that  but  for  a 
eliildhood  among  the  Indians,  as  the  son  of  a  missionary,  I  should  not  have  had 
what  1  regard  as  one  of  the  chief  (lualilications  for  the  study  of  this  problem,  — 
the  habit  of  the  oar  readily  to  receive  Indian  utterances.  This  gave  to  the  pho- 
netic (lualities  of  their  language  their  proper  service  in  the  study  of  tlie  jiroblem. 
The  Northmen  might  have  left  traces  of  their  language;  but  for  my  exceptional 
experience,  whatt'ver  else  of  iiualilication  for  the  study  I  may  have  had,  I  should 
nut  in  all  probability  have  fotmd  Norway  in  Norumliega;  or  Nerigon,  an  earlier 
form  of  Norway,  in  Narragan-sett  and  Norridge-wock ;  nor  the  Iliiitra-manna-land 
of   the   Sagas   (White-man's-laiul)  in   Wapanni^Ke  or  Wampanakke,'— the  home  of 


'  Wamimiinkkc,  Wiiinpnnaukc,  Wnbnnakki  (Raslca);  Wapiinnehki  (Cree),—  White-man's-land,— 
resolves  itself  into  three  AlRonqiiiii  roots:    iramp,  an,  and  akke. 

For  the  first  syllable  Koger  Williams  sniiiKtimos  (jivfs  wnm/)!  fur  "white"  in  the  Xarragan- 
sett  (lialuct.     In  the  Creo  it  is  ini/).     In  l\w  I,iMiiipe  of  tli"  Delaware  it  is  ifmij).     It  appears  in  — 

ir.iw/iHHi,  — "white  beads;"  also  in  U'ompnn  (U.  G.), —  "  money "  (beads  strung  on  strings 
for  ('(.rivnicnce).  Wo  have  the  root  in  W'lmp-w/'iil,  —  '' a  white  blanket"'  (a  covering),  and  in 
Wtim/i-iniiil,  —  "  white  cloth." 

DiMicko  ^;ives    II'..ii/)ii(7i-/i()(m, —  "  white  broad."     (I.enape.) 

W'lxilHicliHiiii  =  W'ntp-iiHi-as.iiin,  —  "  whitc-land-stone,"  "  chalk." 

W'irip-(iK, —  "\\h\U>  lieach." 

It  is  r-'cognizi'd  in  tlie  Mic-Mac.  Ma.ssachiisptts,  Narragansett.  and  Chippewa,  the  Schawanese. 
Dolawari-  (MinM).  Choycnnc.   Cree,  Sank,  and  othtT  AlRonqnin  dialwts. 

The  second  syll.ible  an  is  an  abbreviation  fioin  l.ini,  or  Anini.  Delaware  for  "man."  It 
occurs  in  combination  in  the  names  of  many  Indian  tribes.  For  II'(('/(i»i,  (iWv.  and  an,  see  the 
Algoinpiin  I-enajie  Saga  "  Walcm  Omm."  edited  by  Squier;    also  by  Ihinton. 

The  tliird  syllable,— 

Mke,  means  "land"     The  sjiellini;  varies,  —  as  alike,  auke,  ackei/,  okke,  etc. 


! 


M 

m 
; 

.  ( 


<  I 


*  ii 


20 


DEFENCES  OF  KOIU'XIREGA. 


the  Wampanoags  of  the  riiritan  chronidiTs  (the  trilM>  of  King  Philip"),  and  the 
W;i|H-noliis  aiul  Wapanoos  of  the  Piitoh.  Nor  shoiiM  1  have  found  in  Walmnakkc 
( Wiiito-uianVhind)  the  home  of  the  Abcnaltis  (Wahanalvlios).  It  was  in  all  tliis 
region  that  the  explorers  under  Ayllon  (ir.20),  and  later  "S'errazano  (lo24),  found 
whit,-  pcop',,',  of  whom,  farther  nortii,  Jaeques  Carticr  heard  in  15;i4-85,  as  also 
Zeisberger  the  Moravian  missionary,  and  whi»  were  ealled  Schawanaks. 

This  early  experience  with  the  Indians  has  enabled  me  to  recognize  "Norum- 
bega"  in  Arambee  (see  John  Hut,  l,):i7,  in  Purehas),  in  the  (Jrande  Laurent-I)ec 
(Grouani's  map,  original  parjlnnent  of  Hrevoort  CoUectitm,  ITla),  t!ie  I',>tit  et 
nrande  Lorembec  (VnugM,„|y,  174.)),  and  [.aureus,  on  French  nu.ps  in  my  poa- 
session,-all  which  are  mimes  successively  borne  by  the  same  locality,  beginning 
with  Arambec,  between  the  site  of  Louisburg,  Cnpc  .]reton,  and  the  Island  of  Scu- 
tari. This  locality  still  l)ears  on  either  side  of  the  bay,  for  its  headlands,  Bi<j 
some  ..f  the  recent  Admiralty  charts  of  the  Island  of  Cai« 


ami  Little  Lor^vi,  on 


Ih-et 


)n. 


Tile  luc  —  W 


(luivalent  of  /.,//,»,  a    -bay"  — in   Xoruml 


dropjied,  and  the  N  and  ii  of  A' 


)ega  had  been 


i\onii)i   luu 


■a  promontory  dividiug  a  /.<///  — in  Xoruml 


1  been  replaced  by  the  dialectic  equivalents 


Knglan^l  names,  has.  l)y  drojiping  the  /-.■//./  (a  i)av),  1 
numerous  maps  of  the  sixteenth  and  early  part  of  tl 


)ecome  a  ci 


lega,  as  serving  in  New 


/)(',  as  appears  on 


was  the   11,1  of  Trumimll,  and  of   Kliot's  Hiblc 


u'  seventeenth  cent 


uries. 


Th 


till'   same  root,  not   improbalily,  as  the  Knglisl 
■rulfs  of  St.  Lorau,  with  a  cape  between  (sh. 


-a  (liri'lr,  tl 


le  III  I 


l.lh- 


havi 


ng 


th.' 


North 


Ji-e  of   the    River  of   (' 


anada. 


Tl 


liecaiiie    with    t'ham]ilain    ('.    St.    1, 


1  1W.1,'.  On  one  map  there  were  two 
nug  the  ctuifusiou),  looking  out  from 
one  —  Loran  —  not    improlKtl.ly 


im   n: 


Laurent  (l(iOii>;  then  (".  St.  L 


ui   (1004-1(11:2):    with    Lesearl 


earbot,   C. 


■ainet 


Kuglish  map  (1010) 


•ns  witli  Champlain  (10;J-J).     Another  and  earl 


rives 


uotie  I- 


reuel 


yv  tins  point  the  May  and  CaiH'  St.   L 


1  e.puvalent  of  Lonini;    ami  later,  "..  d,.,,.! 


ler 
awrene    the  plio- 


tiie  name  St.   Lawivuce.  the  name  uow  Mp,,ii,.,l  to  both  tl 


evoi.\  says,  LM-aduallv  arose 


The    N 


ii'uiibei-Lrue   of   V 


le  river  and  the  undf. 


in    X 


o.iimbeli 


(Fat  hi 


V 


de    Liireme    on    tin-    Seba.-<tiau    (' 
Xoliuuliehge  — recalls 


'•""l'l^"ii    (1012)    on    the    Piuubseot   is   piv.served    to-<lay 
!'•>>"''"-■>'    i's    it    was    preceded     by    the    form   of    IJaya 


il)ot    map    of     ]:,14.      What     Vet 


riuniile    heard 


OesKles  tliu  nam 


preserved  by  Champlain,  that  of  N 


orom- 


S:iii  I/-iri;iizo  was 


or  ;i  time  iis  a  oorniivti.ni  of  tlii.s  1\. 


-.irliia-  ((ioin.ira,  ir..Vi)  ;   ami  |».ssibly  St.  L 


11  may  liave  been   rogardp.l 


two  ^VilaMi's  of  N. 


rniii-ljt'ca. 


1",  Ui.stiiud  of  beuig  i„  tlio  liim  uf  derivatives  from  the  fir.st 


-a 


If 


DKFEXCES  OF  NOUT'MREGA. 


21 


Ijorirhia  in  tlie  manuscript  commission  of  Henry  IV.  to  Marquis  dc  la  Roche, 
l.V.IH  (parchment  rescript  signed  by  Genin,  ItiOC)). 

Tlic  dialectic  ecjuivalcnce  in  the  Algonquin  of  I,  h,  and  r  was  jTOintcd  out  i)y 
Roger  Williams  as  early  us  lt!43.  To  these  there  si'cm  properly  to  lie  added  d 
and  t.     (See  Earle's  "  Philology  of  the  English  Tongue,"  Oxford,  1873.) 

The  habit  of  prefixing  the  sound  of  m  or  71  to  the  utterance  of  />,  —  as  in  bih, 
"water,"  which  became  m'lii/i,  and  njuh  (its  dialectic  e(iuivalent),  —  was  recognized 
hv  Zeisberger,  ilcckewelder,  Dencke,  Duponceau,  CJallatin,  Hrinton,  and  others,  and 
is  not  i)ecidiar  to  the  Aborigines  of  New  Knghind  or  of  America.  The  aue(piate 
illustration  <jf  its  applicalion  came  to  mo  only  with  the  collection  of  many  early  majis 
of  the  New  England  coast.  It  came  to  me,  I  may  say,  in  this  form,  as  the  ful- 
filment of  an  expectation.  In  Xere'mbega,  Noero-nibega,  and  Norombega,  we  have, 
as  I  had  anticipated,  the  dialectic  e(iuivalents  of  Nonnnbega,  Norbi^ga,  Norvega,  Nor- 
vegr,  Noregr,  which  is  Old  Norse  of  tlie  early  Scandinavian  literature  for  Norway.' 

While  without  some  acquaintance  with  Indian  utterance  it  may  be  dillicult  to  see 
how  one  could  have  recognized  traces  of  tiio  Norse  in  names  still  preserved  in  New 
England,  nevcTthoIcss,  (Irotius,  Forstet,  Ortelius,  and  Professor  ISeauvois  have  each 
suggested  the  possibility  that  Nurumbeja  was  in  some  way  derived  from  Nonu'jia  or 

Niirwny. 

The  succession  of  tlu!  forms  of  the  name  of  which  the  English  is  "  Norway  " 


I'  ' 


,'  I 


'  The  replacement  of  i>  with  6  is  too  familiar  to  rcciuire  special  illustration.  'I'lio  Cassava  bread 
of  .\iiti'.;iia  of  to-day  was,  earlier,  Cdsmhi.  Valhwi  wa.s  linlhm.  The  (\irii  of  the  rortujjiieso  was 
the  f'„ft„  of  the  .Spaiiiard.  Our  siU-er  i.s  the  CiiTrnan  .siVAtr ;  our  rai-iii„r  is  tin'  Spanish  cahallero. 
M.irfil  Head  and  Marhle  II., id  were  once  interehangealde.  On  the  maps  of  the  sixteenth  and 
seventi'eMth  ocntiiries  one  meets  alternately  Xon-eijia  and  NDrhn/m  in  great  frequency.  Besides 
tlie  S.,nr,ja  repeated  on  separate  maps  of  Solis,  and  of  Hotero,  ltiO;i,  Xorvvga  occurs  on  Bernard 
Sylvan  (Leiewel),  l.MI,  and  on  Tal.uUi  C'alalana  (l:!75-l;t7«,  Lelewel).  VVol;,'emud  and  I'leuden- 
wiiilT  (U'.»;t)  hive  Norweira,  — replacing  the  r  with  a  u:  The  Zeid  have  Sorvcgia,  Vm,  and 
.Y,w..,,,„  is  on  Kuysch  of  \M1  S.,n;.,i,  is  ou  I'tolemy.  of  l.-iOl-I.'xU.  Kafn,  in  the  "  Antiquitates 
Am.rican.e,"  translat.'s  the  Xorse  name  into  Latin  .V.;rrf;;in.     l.aronsse  says  "  Nurv,-ge  or  Sonceye." 

They  are  ;,-.'  remnir  derivatives  from  the  ancient  Norse.  —  A'-.i-.v/r  and  X,>nr;,r.  Iloman,  1730, 
has  .\„n;;/!ar  Tho  present  N„r«o^'i;in  name  is  \„r^e,  which  was  also  the  name  in  the  sixth 
century  (see  Wi'dell's  Historical  Athus).  Careful  study,  with  a  regar.l  for  philol,igioal  and  dialectic 
equivalents,  will  reve ,.!  -n  these  early  forms  the  source  of  all  the  varions  modes  of  spellinK  leading 
,lawn  to  Snrumhe,,,,.  These  s,.  varied  names,  it  is  to  be  remembered,  are  not  examples  of  A-'-r-.- 
spelling,  a  claim  mistakenly  .ascribed  to  mo  by  some  most  learned  writers,-  but  tho  results  of 
efforts  l.v  oihrr  nationalities  to  express  in  letters  the  pRMiunciation  a.s  they  heard  or  conceive.!  it. 


i 


■:  I' 


DEFENCKS  OF   NOKUMIU'-GA. 


"MI'S  V\r  OF  Tnr.  UFOION  of  VIXKI.ANI>  and  ink  inlnw  iiF  .NDIIVFOA  AfiAIXST 
M  \-- \<  MI-I  1  I-  lAV,  IM  1.1  MM.  TIIF  (  ITY  iiF  M.|:II.,V  (  M  •!;  1  M  llHi  A)  IN  IIIE 
Fi'Kiv-iiin;ii    [in. 1:1.1        (ncu.M    IllK  iui.li.l  1  ms   "t    Ml:,    lilti mkhu.  ) 


,« 
A 


Ur.FENCES  OF   NOKUMBEGA. 


23 


-J^ 


H 


!     ' 


"h 


!• 


Mil.lrl  MAI'  111  Ni)U\l.ti.\  IX  KflliirK  (MPItWAV),  TlIK  PAliKNT  cmXTUY  Dl 
TIIK  ((111  IN  V  (IN  I  UK  CUAULKS  HIVEU.  (KHOM  THE  COLLECTION  OK 
Ml!.     Ui;l.\(Hll(r  ) 


24 


DEFENCES  OF  NORlMREr.A. 


(with  its  derivative  Norumbcsa)  is  not  ilirticult  to  trace  in  the  New  England 
names  of  to-day,  —  as  in  Naiimbeak  (Capt.  John  Smith),  Naumiicug,  and  Amos- 
Ivcag  (see  Colonel  Gookiii).  Es])cciall\'  is  this  true  when  wo  take  into  account 
the  Xorumbcga  of  Hakhiyt,  Sir  lIum|iliroy  (!ill)ert,  Champlain,  and  of  the  maps 
of  tiie  sixteenth  and  early  seventeenth  centuries.  1  have  found  a  large  number  of 
early  geographical  names  in  New  England  which  carry  a  Norse  root.' 

The  familiar  forms  to-day  of  the  ancient  Norvega  are, — 
Norge,  the   name   on  Norwegian   maps. 
Norriiie,  the  name  on   .Swedish  maps. 

j^orveiie.  i\\c   niune  on    French   nvj^s.  ■         

Xoriciijen,  the   name  on   Gernr      maps.  • 

Noneay,  the  name   on   English   maps. 

From  earlier  and  later  maps  —  rejtresenting  the  time  from  the  second  century 
before   Christ,  down  —  I   have   not  less   than  forty  forms   of  the   name. 


It  will  be  a  great,  and  I  am  sure  a  not  unwelcome,  surprise  to  my  v.'ner- 
able  friend  to  find,  as  will  presently  appear,  that  liLs  own  labors  have  fur- 
nished evidence  of  the  pre.sence  and  the  ,«ite  of  the  very  remains  which  he 
deems  indispensable  to  a  belief  that  the  valley  of  the  Charles  held  the 
early  settlements  of  the  Northmen,  —  "  the  stones  luid  one  upon  another.'' 

Let  us  now  turn  to  — 

The  City  axd  CorxTnv  of  NoRrsinEGA, 

as  the  theatre  of  the  evidence  which  Dr.  Slafter  deems  e.ssential  to  conviction. 

The  city  was  uniformly  placed  on  the  maps,  down  to  Champlain,  in 
the  country  called  Nova  Francia.  —  the  earliest  New  France. 

There  .>^eems  to  have  Ijeen  an  early  chart  desi{.'ned  to  illustrate  the 
site  of  the  country  described  in  the  Vineland  Sagas,  —  a  chart  which  was 
repeatedly  copied.  At  the  mine  point  on  three  of  the  copies,  —  that  of 
Ortelius  in    1570.  of  Solis  in   1-V.)8,  and   Botero  in    l(i03,  — we  have   the 

>  Amonc  forms  constantly  recurring'  are  such  as  the  f(]!lo\vii)K  :  -Vo,  mi.  twc,  wiu,  nolle.  ,„Muni. 
iinrri,  w,n„„.  h,  ■in.  hfck.  han,,.  >.,l.  >.„■,  ,„,;,  ui..  nk,  ,i„,  n.j.  ho  „ln,  U.  anm,  hus„.  ,  AiV,  yar,  chiii,  yolhe. 
With  Uiete  aia  many  dialectic  moililications  ;  but  I  may  not  pursui'  the  mattor  here. 


DEFENCES  OF  NORUMBEGA. 


26 


same  name  with  dialectic  variations.     (See  last  three  of  the  maps  on  one 
sheet,  page  32.) 

Ortelius  has  Norvmbega  where  Solis  has  Nornega,  and  Botero  Norvega, 
They  apply  to  the  same  locality.  These  three  names  are  plainly  all  forms 
of  Korwa//,  — 11,  V,  w,  and  l>  being  interchangeable.  Solis's  map  has  the 
name  with  the  character  standing  for  a  city,  and  also  in  larger  print  the 
same  name  for  a  province,  and  in  .still  larger  print  the  name  Nova 
Francia,  —  which  also  appears  on  both  the  others. 

When  the  natives,  on  all  the  coast  from  Cape  Cod  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence, were  asked  the  name  of  their  country  or  province  or  people, 
they  answered,  " Normhfga"  which  became  '■^ Normnlnga"  to  the  inquirer; 
and  as  the  vowels  changed,  the  word  took  on  other  forms  of  spelling, 
according  to  the  nationalities  of  the  questioners.  Peter  Martyr  wrote 
Aremhi;  Verrazano,  Anorohitgra ;  'RmcuWi,  Nunimberg ;^  Mercaior,  JVoromlrga ; 
Allofonsoo,  Nomnherguc ;  William  de  Teste,  Aiioragua, —  but  they  were  all 
in  Xc/r  France.  With  the  maps  of  Solis,  Ortelius,  and  Botero,  tjiken  in 
connection  with  Bancroft's  remark  that  "  the  French  diplomatists  always 
remembered  that  Boston  was  within  the  original  limits  of  New  France,"^ 
1  have  elsewhere  intimated  that  the  elements  for  the  solution  of  the 
Problem  of  the  Northmen,  as  presented  in  the  Sagas,  might  be  found. 


Extent  of  the  Country. 
If  we  take  the  name  as  used  by  Champlain,  we  have  the  country 
stretching  over  a  vast  area.  Charlevoix,  another  authority  as  absolute 
as  Champlain,  speaks  of  Pentagoi-t  (the  Penobscot)  as  running  through  the 
midst  of  Norumboga,  ''long  /mown,"  he  says,  "as  a  Imtutiftd  diul  jmvcrfol 
Province:'      Allolbnsce,  less   known    than    Champlain    for   obvious   reasons. 

I  Tliia  reseiiiMmico  to  Xuremhur//  is  not  witliout  signification.  It  seems  not  impiobable,  from 
rese.irches  I  liave  iiiii.lo.  th.lt  the  nneient  Ilaviiriiin  town  gave  tlie  name  to  Xoricum  of  Roman  times, 
conceived  to  bo  the  .listi ict  from  whi.h  Austria  arose,  and  was  itself  trac.able  through  various  dialectic 
chanu'es  to  Xorrjn  of  the  second  centnry  before  Christ  (see  WchlVs  Atlas),  so  nearly  re.sembliL^' 
tho  .V»r<.„r  of  the  time  of  Leif,  and  not  remote  from  the  AV/-/.."  of  Pany  a  thousand  years  earlier. 

-  Ili-tory  of  the  United  States,  'Jd  ed  ,  vol.  i.  p.   21. 


\l 


2G 


PKFKNCKS  OF  XOlUMmUiA. 


but  as  a  pilot  enjoying  the  highest  reputation,  finds  abundant  evidence  of 
the  extension  of  Noruniboga  in  southern  New  P^ngland.  Thevet  found  the 
country  in  the  forty-tliird  degree.  Jolin  Smith  looked  for  it  for  many 
years  unsuceessfully,  in  \'irginia.  Raniusio  s  and  Parnientier's  descripti(jns 
of  the  pro(hictions  of  Norunibega  inehided  fruits  tiiat  nro  found  in  tlie 
Carohnas  and  Florida.  Allefonsee  seemed  to  have  had  a  suspieion  that 
this  ancient  country  reached  to  and  included  the  same  region,  and  he 
looked  for  it  about  the  latitude  of  Charleston.  In  the  other  direction, 
the  dialectic  equivalent  of  the  name  is  still  preserved  on  the  recent  Ad- 
miralty charts,  as  already  mentioned,  on  the  south  side  of  the  island  of 
Cape  Breton,  between  the  ancient  Louisl)urg  and  the  island  of  Scatari. 
It   applied   also    in    Chainplain's   time"  to    the   pre-sent   Cape    North. . 

This  great  extent  of  country  was  called  Norumbega.  Admiral  De 
Monts,  says  the  record  (Shifter's  -  Chaniplain ").  sailed  soni/i/'vr,/  from  the 
region  of  Frenchman's  Bay  along  the  coast  of  Norumbega.  Champlain 
left  the  name  ou  his  maps— 1(112-1018 —  at  different  points,  and  in  hi-i 
text  it  is  found  altogether  some  forty  times.  He  heard  the  name  far  in 
the  interiiir  as  well  as  along  the  New  England  coast. 

On  page  218  of  the  second  volume  (Prince  Society's  Publications, 
edited  hy  Dr.  Slafter),  Champlain  has  recorded  bis  testimony  as  to  the 
extent  of  the  country  of  Norumbega  as  follows. 

While  on  the  lake  which  bears  his  name,  Champlain  was  told  bv  the 
Algonquins  — whoso  cause  he  lind  espoused  — of  their  enemies  inhabiting 
the  region  beyond  a  lake  (Ldse  (leorge),  to  reach  which  it  was  neces- 
.sary  to  pass  a  fall,  which  he  afterwards  visited,  "which  lake  was  nine 
or  ten  leagues  long.  Afterwanl,  reaching  tiie  end  of  the  lake,  we  .should 
have  to  go."  they  said,  '■  two  leagues  by  land,  and  then  pass  through  a 
river  flowing  into  the  .«ea,  on  the  coast  of  NorumI)ega,  near  that  of 
Florida,'   whith.'r   it   took    them    only    two   days    to   go   by   canoe,   a.s    I 

'  This  may  hav«  been  the  Flori,ia  of  Verrazano,  -  the  region  of  Cipc  Cn,\  ■  or  possil.ly  Chatn- 
I.laiu  might  have  Riven  greater  extont  to  Xorninlu-g.i.  „,•  t„  K!„ri,I,-,.  ...  Nvas  given  hv  Allefonsee, 
Ramusio,  ami  others. 


DKFKNCE.S  Of  NOUUMBEGA. 


27 


have  since  ascertained  from  some  prisoners  we  captured,  who  gave 
me  minute  infonnution  in  regard  to  all  they  had  personal  knowledge 
of,  through  Hoine  Algonquin  interpreters  who  understood  the  Iroquois 
language." 

It  is  quite  obvious  that  Champlain,  in  common  with  the  learned 
men  of  the  sixteenth  century  generally,  believed  in  the  existence  of 
Norumbega  as  a  country.  That  he  has  unwittingly  crowned  the  deinon- 
stratioji  that  there  was  a  city  of  Norumbega  as  well,  we  shall  see  later. 
That  he  siiould  have  stricken  every  trace  of  the  name  from  his  map 
of  1632,  we  shall  also  see  was  in  keeping  with  his  having  failed  to 
find  remains  of  the  city  on  the  Penobscot,  and  of  his  having  implicitly 
accepted  the  superi'icial  reports  of  the  Charles,  and  of  its  mistaken  du- 
plicate Rio  du  Gas,  made  by  the  men  sent  to  explore  the  region, —  if, 
indeed,  he  himself  were  not  personally  of  the  exploring  party.  (See 
Purcha.s,  1013,  cited  further  on.) 

Dr.  Parkmax. 

Of  my  critical  friends  who  doubt  the  presence  of  Norsemen  and 
of  Norumbega  —  city  or  country  —  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Charles, 
and  think  it  only  probable  that  the  Norsemen  came  to  America  at  all. 
Dr.  Francis  Parkman  has  given  the  following  reasons  why  he  docs  not 
accept  my  general  conclusions.     He  says:  — 

"i  think  it  ix  prolnthle  that  the  Xorsnncn  c(Viii;  to  Amerira,  hut  I  do  not 
coimdir  the  rriilfiirf  to  that  fffi'ct  which  has  in'mi  hrou</ht  forward  svjjicicnt  for 
prviif.  The  inoKt  delinite  gtatement  ever  [.']  made  about  Narutnleija  wan  the  report 
of  Vhatnplaln,  irho  supposed  that  if  Xurumlnya  existed  at  all,  it  must  have  been 
vp  the  Pennhscnt,  not  far  from  the  site  of  Bani/or.  Champlain  s  maps  if  the 
eastern  coast  were  the  first  reallji  aeeurate  ones  that  were  made.  Tlieret  teas 
credulous,  addirte, I  to  exai/;/erati<in,  and  was  fond  of  relntin;/  maraUom  things.  The 
itittements  of  Lh/raoi  are  of  a  va;/ue  and  uncertain  character;  hix  story  is  a 
doubtful  one.     Little  is  known   of  Allefonice."  ' 

'  I  hail  cik'd  as  aiitliorities  AUefoiisce,  Thevet,  and  Ingram. 


2S 


DKFEXCES  OF  NOUUMliF.GA, 


It  is  true,  nevertiieloss.  us  will  appear,  that  these  authorities  are  of 
si^uilicance.  It  will  hv  later  seen  that  they  are  not  indispensable. 
liiiirara  was  here  in  loO'J;   Thevet  in  IJoC;    Allelonsce  in  1542. 

TuE  Sailok,  David  Ingium. 

David  lu-iaui  was  a  Siiilor.     He  was  set  a.shore  by  Sir  John  Hawkins, 
wi:'.!   more   than  a  luuidred   others,    in   stress   for   want  of  provisions,  at 
Tauipioo  on  the  Gulf  of  Me.xico.  lot'.S,  and  wandered   all   the  way  across 
the  country,  seeing  and  hearing  of  many  marvellous  things  by  the  way,  — 
coming  at  length  in  15G1)  to  Xomunbega.  which  he  says  was  sixty  leagues 
w/to  probably   intended  i   from  Cape  Breton  (Cape  Anii).     Here  lie   fo'inid 
a    city  three    quarters   of  a   mile    long.      From    this   city,   soon    after    his 
arrival,    he    went    to    the    Bay   of    St.   Mary's   (one    of    the   early    names 
of  Boston    Harbon,    where   he    found  a  French  ship,   in  which    he    .mailed 
for  France,  and  ultiuiatdy  reaclu'd  England.     It  is  recorded  of  him  that 
lie   again    met    and    wa..    recognized    and    kindly   received    bv    Sir    John 
Hawkins,  and  that  he  was  called  in  council.  a.s  Thevet  wa.s,  by  Dr.  John 
Dee.  to  advise  in  the  interest  of  the  ill-lated   Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  about 
an  exi.edition  to  Xoruu.I.ega.     Though  illiterate,  and  to  .some  ext.Mit  cred- 
ulous, insram   seems    to    have    conmiande.l    the  confidence   of  tho.se    who 
met  an.l  conversed  with  him  alter  hi^  return  to  England.     That  his  state- 
ments about   Xorumbega   on   the  Charts  were   truthful,  will,  later    in    this 
paper,  be  accepted  by  the  unprejudiced  reader  without  hesitation. 

AXDREW    ThKVKT. 

Andrew  Thevet  was  an  early  .explorer  and  discoverer.  In  his  time 
the  X.w  ^^  nld  was  fdled  with  n.arvels  to  the  n.en  of  enterprise  in  the 
old  He  wr.te  much.  and.  hke  n.any  discoverers  of  his  tin.e,  incorporated 
■"  b.s  wr„n,gs.  with  his  own  rHatinns  those  of  what  others  had  seen  or 
reported  that  they  had  seen.  He  acknowl.dg.s  it  fn.nklv.  His  observa- 
tion 0  a  comet  inn.  of  the  marv.ds.  whieh  he  calls  a  .s'tar  with  a  tail), 
with  the  .late  and    position.  I   have  tested    by  appeal   to  the   records  of 


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OKI-KNCKS  OF  NOUUMHKCi.V. 


20 


iistronouiy,  througli  the  axtronomcrH  at  the  ()l)8crvfttoric,s  of  Ifiirvnid  ntid 
Conlobii.  lie  wuH  nmny  days  in  a  vn.st  and  thick  (iild  of  irmrine  veyo- 
fivtion  that  obstructed  the  pio^rress  of  his  hliip  (another  marvel,  for  lie 
hud  not  heard  of  the  Sargiisso  Sea) ;  vlien  he  had  croHsed  it,  he  Hailed 
away  to  Cabo  <1e  Haxos.'  It  is  certain  that  no  early  writer  has  given 
Hiieh  nc.urate  accounts  of  the  region  from  Narriigansett  iJiiy  to,  and 
in.iuding.  Cape  Ann.  Professor  Ganong,  than  vhom  on  this  qiiestion  of 
tnistworthinesH  no  one  is  more  competent  from  research  in  this  field  to 
give  opinion,  says  Thevet  is  "certainly  truthful."  He  is  charged  with 
being  credulou.s.  So  was  Pliny;  but  what  a  magniliccnt  defences  of  his 
great  accomplishments  and  services  Cuvier  has  hit  us!  Shall  I  take 
exception  to  the  estimate  of  Champlain  because  his  nuip  of  the  coast  of 
New  England,  instead  of  being,  as  is  claimed,  the  Jint  nulhj  Hvcnrotr  ,.„p, 
is  grotesque  in  its  duplication  and  misplacement  of  points,  and  because 
it  fails  to  recognize  some  of  the  most  important  features  of  the  coast 
along  which  he  sailed  at  least  four  times,  and  because  there  is  a  want  of 
conformity  between  his  text  and  his  maps?  Instead  of  depreciating  his 
work,  I  marvel  at  his  having  made  ,so  excellent  and  generally  accurate  a 
map.  His  finding  two  C/t>iiiacnr/.i  (Cohassets),— they  were  only  descriptive 
names  applicable  alike  to  two  localities,  —  was  what  led  to  most  of  his 
errors.  That  ho  has  twice  given  (map  of  1012)  the  site  of  Xorumbega, 
on  two  presentations  of  the  Cliarle.s,  is  evidence  that  two  exploring  parties 
were   sent  out,  —  or  perhaps  oidy  that  two  reports  were  received. 

In  Dr.  Parkman'rt  estimate  of  the  trustworthiness  of  Thevet  as  applied 
to  what  he  has  said  of  Xorumbega  he  has  the  support  of  many  distin- 
guished men ;  among  them  are  Professor  Shaler,  the  late  Mr.  George 
Dexter,  Rev.  Dr.  De  Costa,   Jean   do   Lery,   the  late  Mr.    Brevoort,    Pro- 


'i 


'  Catio  lie  nuxo9,  Uie  cnpo  of  tlio  irry  lin!f  bay  of  Provincotown  Harbor,  is  Aljonquiii,  Biieca-es-cs 
(l?a.xo!i)  is  one  of  tlie  recesses  of  tin-  bay  of  Cape  CoJ ;  liacea-o.s  (liaxe)  i.s  tlie  lesser  bay  —Cape  Coil 
Hay  —  a.s  emnpared  with  the  greater  Ma.<9acluisett.s  Ray.  E.*  is  tiio  Algoiuiuin  (liinimitivo;  M-e<  i.s 
a  fnrm  of  emplia.sis.  The  i  arose  as  in  I'au-tuek-es-et  =  Pautuxet  (Trumbull),  liaecaes  =  Ilaxe. 
Bacea-es-es  =  Mux  es  =  Uaxos. 


V 


30 


DKFENCKS  OF  NORI'MHKfJA. 


lessor  GalTarri'l,  and  others.'     My  critical  frionils  simply  did  not  have  the 
necessary  material  for  adequate  investigation. 

1  have  intimated  that  'I'lievet  did  not  stand  alone  in  niaintiiining  that 
Norumbega  was   in   tlie   forty- tl.'.ird    de,i.Mee.    against   the    opinion    held    by 
some  in  his  time  that  Norunibega  wa>  mi  the  latitude  of  Canivda  in  some 
fifty -six  degrees.     lie  mentions  certain  well-known   jioin  .<  on  tho  coast  of 
Norumbega.     They  are  between  the  Cape  Sainct  Jean  (Double)  of  Thevet 
our  Cape  Ann,   and  —  as  ho  calls  it  —  Aiayascon   (Iroquoi.s  for  arm),  our 
Xantasliet  (or  X<um-la4rt).  which  has  the  shape  of  a  bent  human  arm;  and 
Thevet  gives  the  e.xact  latitude  of  Nantasket  Roads,  observed  and  recorded 
by  himself,  as   lii    11'.     Of  some  of  th.se  points  he  gives  the  names.    They 
are  Porto  de  lu-fugio.  Paradiso.  and  Flora.     !Some  cartographers  add  Porto 
Kcalo.     Ogilby  and    liuno's  Cluverius  both  mention  them  a.s  on  the  coast 
of  Norumbega,    but    they    have    not    left    us    maps.      I    introduce   other 
authorities   in   a   .scries  of  n)aps,   which    besides    Thevet's,    j.repared    from 
his  Kelatiuii  in  the  Cosmography  (edition  of  1575),  includes  Ruscelli  (two 
phases!.  Gastaldi  (froui  Kainusiu),  Tlpius's  (ilobe.   Ilieronymus   Verrazano. 
and    .Maiullo.     The    supi)nrt    they    Knd    to    Professor    Canong's    statement 
that   ••  TluT-t  mis  ,',rt,m,bi  tnilhfiil^'   i,<  olivious. 

or  Ills  ixploratiuns  frnm  CW/-  .I,,ud,  ,  Point  Judy  of  n.o.lern  times), 
nrmmd  Hac.alaos  (the  Cabeljau^  of  the  Dutch)  to  Cape  Ann.  which  he 
calls  Cape  .S.iuct  .lean  ,the  Cape  Johaun  of  Lok.  and  the  Cape  Jehan  of 

'  In    .1,..    Pn.f;,,.,.    ,o   „„    S.u„uU,ri>,.    ,/.   /„    /.•,.„„„.    .,„,„„,„,„„    ,,,„f„,,,    „,,f,,.,.„,    ,_^  ^ 

tl>.u,,h,f>.,   ,.„„,.„.>  „f  Thevofs  ol.nu.t«r,  ,.  wWl  a.  a  s,„„,„a,v  of  tho  on.iciM.s  hv  hi,  on..„.i..,, 
.,M     V  ,h>.e  w.,o  oo,.ia  ,..„   ,..v.,,t  as  .ruo  what   ..  •  sa„!  of   nuany  of   ,ho  wo,,,!,-,  of   ,ho    N.nv 

'""''•    .'"  ;'"■;"'" ''-    '■'■"f"-""-   '■^"^--'   i-"'-^  -•  'l'.>  i.np..rfe.t  oarlv  ednoafo,,  of   Thev.t, 

-   p..Mo„  f,„   ,,..n.,n,,   h,s  foil,!...  his   vanity;  .„a   a  all  fa„,  ,.,„„.,>,y   „:  „,T,.,.,  ,he   ac.uraov  of 

A    >        ah     ,s   .vo   «a„,.,a.       ,h.   ,.Hrait    ,    have   ,..  ,.a.     ,.   ;.  ,a,.,„.t..,y 1    t.,e  roach  !,f 

'■  Haroaioo=  liaocaUeu;  by  maatLeMs,  Cabeljuu  (Dutch)  or  Kab-ljau  (Gern.an). 


I     H 


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^. 


RIVER  FLOWING  THROUGH  A  LAKE 
INTO  THE  SEA' 

VINLAND  OP  THE  NORTHMEN 

Copietl  t'r^fler  InsLi'inTtioij  by 

Geo.  Davis,  Civil  Engiijecr. 


?   ''»  >i      .1 


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"RIVER  FLOWING  THROUGh  A  LAKE 
INTO  THE  SEA' 

VINLAND  OP  THE  NORTHMEN 

CopieH  C/'t^er  Ipstriictioi?  by 

Geo.  Davis,  Civil  Ei?^ii7cer. 


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defi:n'cks  of  nokumbecja. 


31 


Allefonsce  and  many  others,  as  will  be  seen),  Thevet  has  given  a  most 
(letaihjd  uocount.  The  latitude  of  the  entrance  to  the  diaries  was  ob- 
served with  wonderful  preciMion,  and  recorded  in  his  ••  Cosmography." 
The  more  crucial  test  of  his  record  of  what  was  in  the  forty-second 
and  forty-third  degrees  will  be  seen  on  comparing  it  with  that  of 
the  foregoing  sheets  of  charts  of  photographic  fac-similes,  which  I  have 
prepared. 

There  is  another  consideration, — Thevet  is  not  a  new  witness.  He 
has  been  proved.  He  said '  that  on  a  river  called  Xornnibegue  (also  Rio 
Grande),  in  the  forty-third  degree,  at  a  distance  of  some  ten  or  twelve 
leagues  from  its  mouth,  there  was  a  fort,  surrounded  by  a  ditch  supplied 
with  water  from  a  stream  entering  the  river  at  this  point.  I  went  to  the 
place  described,  and  found,  six  years  ago,  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
fort  and  ditch.  I  also  found  the  arm-shaped  Nantaskot,  with  its  Iroquois 
name  Aiayascon,  and  the  Cape  of  the  Islands,  —  Cohasset,  —  as  described 
liv  him,  and  familiar  to  us  all ;  and  more  recently  I  discovered  the  city 
as  indicated  in  Thevet's  text  and  on  his  map.  It  was  Thevet  who  gave, 
as  already  mentioned,  the  latitude  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nonun- 
begue  (Nanta.sket  Roads)  substantially  coincident  with  that  of  the  Coast 
Survey,  —  42"  18'. 

Jeax  Allefoxsce. 

Jean  Allefonsce  had  sailed  for  many  years  in  almost  every  ocean,  and 
was  renowned  as  a  most  skilful  pilot.  He  was  a  reserved,  profoundly 
conscientious  man  ;  gave  in  his  writings  instructions  for  the  use  of  astrono- 
mical instruments;  was  chosen  by  the  King  of  France  to  lie  the  pilot  of 
Hoberval,  who  led  an  exploring  expedition  to  our  coast  in  lo-l-i,  and 
superseded    the    wise,    patient,    and    gallant    Jacques   Cartier,^  — the   great 

1  See  John  Cabot's  ••Landfall,"  14li".  and  Uie  ".Site  of  Xorumbega,"  1SS5,     Cosmogiaphio,  15V5. 

'  Sec  Margry.  at  length.  Dr.  Kohl  .says  :  "  Koberval,  sent  on  a  voyage  of  di.scovery  to  north- 
1'a.stern  America  l)y  the  French  Government,"  Fram-is  I.  "  .sent  also  one  of  his  mariners,  a  very 
exiwrt  pilot,  named  Alphonae  de  Saintonge,  to  search  for  a  northwest  pa.ssage  north  of  Newfouud- 


\- 


^     '  I 


o'2  Uri'lCXCES  Oi'  NOUlMliKCi.V. 

captain,  wlio  much  as  he  added  of  discovery  along  the  Saint  Lawrence, 
had  tailed  to  accomplish  one  of  the  chief  objects  of  his  exj)editions.  to 
find  the  passage  tlirough  to  the  Indies.  It  was  while  seeking  this  passage 
under  Koberval.  that  Allefunsce  found  his  vessel  of  too  deep  drauglit  to 
ascend  the  Gulf  of  Barnstable  at  the  bottoui  of  Cape  Cod  Bay,  in  the 
forty-second  degiee.'  which  bay  he  conjectured  might  lead  through  to 
the  Western  Ocean;  and  it  was  [o  the  pursuit  of  this  phantom.  —  born 
of  Columbus,  and  the  passion  of  the  century  and  a  half  following,  —  that 
we  owe  Allefonsce's  record  of  the  Massachusetts  coast.  He  placed  the 
river  and  the  city  of  Norundiegue,  as  his  record  shows,  between  4'J''  0'  and 
\'2    3S.'  —  within  a  breadth  of  only  ihirt>/-la'u  luinutis  of  a  degree. 


Was  TiiEKF.  A  City  of  NouuMnEGA  ? 


Bi'fore  further  proceeding  to  vindicate  the  authorities  discredited  by 
Dr.  l*arknia!).  let  us  pause  to  glan(>e  lor  a  moment  at  one  branch  of  the 
evidence  of  the  existence  of  a  city  ol  Norundjega  which  is  furnished  in 
the  ancii'Ut  cartography  of  the  New  England  coast.  Here  (p.  o2)  are 
maps  from  IVter  .Martyr  (resting  on  the  pilot  Miruelo,  ;  520)  down  to  the 
m\\Y<  at  tlie  cml  oi'  the  .•sixteenth  century,  which  connect  jV'inniifir'/it  irith 
a  f'-onncc  <•/  X"rf'r/.  ifiih  lie-  ri;/i(iii  of  ]'i,iihiii(J,  /rjtii  lli,  .•«,r(rcii/ii///  of  yranci', 
irilh  till  iiiialihnrhon.l  uf  linshui  /  >huiy  (if  tliese  maps  bear  against  the  name 
a  special  mark  iuflicatiuix  the  sitt;  of  \\\v  citv  of  X()rund)e<M. 

lai.'l.  J. ■an  Al]i!ion-i>  il.'  .^^ainlonL'o  wxs  n  vitv  dislinu'iiislicl  Fruneli  i-initain,  who  forip'-rly  ImJ 
iravivlr.l  to  Ilrazil,  in  Frrm  b  as  will  as  r()rtn;:iics.>  fiailin'.'-vps,scls.  Hakliivt  'vol.  iii.  p.  'X.Vt  .-rv] 
romrr.miiMti"?  txi-illi-nt  sailing  dircnions  tor  tlic  (iulf  an.l  Hivi-r  St.  L.iwrenoc,  ni.adu  l,v  thi.s  navi- 
pilor  [Alphonse  !,•  .Saintni|..,'o]."  Kolil  furtli.-r  refers  to  Alplions*'  thus:  "  St-e  more  of  him  in  a 
note  rjf  M.    I/Av.-zae.  in   Kulletiii  <le  h  S-.ri  le  de  (;.-,i'.'rai.lrn>.  p.  417  ,»■<;.,   Annee   l>-.'>7." 

M.ir-ry.  in  ■•  Na\  i^Mti.  nes  l-"raiu;aiscs,"'  dr.w  atteniinn  to  tlie  i.assa;:e  (iilro  given  by  Ilakluyt) 
in  which  !..■  liMinelly  avers  that  he  hail  entered  a  hay  in  lal.  tJ  .  (Hrevoort's  Verrazano,  p.  15J.) 
'lliis  was  the  Hiv  at  Marnstal.Ie,  whirh  Alphunse  6n!.mested  should  he  explored  with  a  smaller  vessel, 
.IS  le.idinf;  po,s>ih!y  ihroiidi  to  the  raeifn',  —  a  northwest  pas^aiji 

'  .My  attention  was  fir.sl  drnvn  to  this  pi^iit  hy  the  la'.-  .1.  C.irson  li.-evoort. 


DEFENCES  OF  NOUUMllEGA. 


88 


List  of  Mais 

sliiiwiuR   the  sito  of   Norumhoga  and  its  concomitant  geographical   features  and   their 
suiiesnidii,  in  answer  to  the  question, — 

Was  tiif.uk  a  (_'ity  ok  Nokimhkoa  in  tiik  Fokty-tiiikd  DvAinr.r.? 

Airnil'i  ol  I'eter  Martyr, —  Aiiiudie  of  Meruilo,  1520. 
>,'iirul>fr^,'.v  — useril)ed  to  Mercator—  has  the  eharaeter  indicating  a  city. 
Nuronilie^'a  (Wytfiiet)  ,  — eity. 

Anoralia,i,'r:i,  I)au|ihin  iiki].  (Deseeliers),  1540,  —  arcliiiiekgo,  river,  and  turretod  gate- 
wav.  whii-h  with  the  name  Anorobagra  jioint  to  the  eity. 

N(Udnilierg\ie,  Allffunsee,  ir.-l.'i.  —  river  and  (hy  rehition)  eity,  in  forty-third  degree. 
Noronilii'ga,  Mcieator  (.Fmiiard,  1. ")(')', I),  —  fort  and  eity. 

Noruinlu",'a,  Tlievct   (from   relation   in  ('osiuograjiliy),   1575,  —  fort  and  eity.      Nan- 
tisket    Kiads    in    latitude"    11.'°     It'.   ol)served   by   Tlievet. 

Norimltega.  Thevet   Cosmograiihy   (1575,  an   obviously  imperfect  copy  of  Mercator, 
15f,0),  —  fort  and  eity. 

N(.ronibf-a,  [.ok,  15S1.'.     No  I'ljiher,  but  name  against  the  locality. 
Niironibega,  dohn  Dee.  l.")S(i,  —  loit.  river  Camas  ((inmcz). 

Norambegii,   .huhieis.  —  river   called    R.    Grandi-,  or  (.iuiuas.     At  entrance  to  bay  is 
('.  lie  St.    Maria  ( I'l'J'A). 

N.>rondiega.  I'laneie.  1501.  — city  and  Trovinec  in  Nova  Franeia. 
NonuMbeg;;,  Mdlyneaux  Globe,  l.V.)l'.  —  site  (d'  eity  on  liiu  (Irandc  in  Nova  Franeia. 
Norondie'^'a,  De  I'.ry.  1.T,h;,  —  tort  in  Nova  Franeia  iit  junction  of  two  streams. 
Nornmbega,    Wyttlict,   15!»7,  —  fort  on   Uio  CramU'   and   jirovinee  of   Norumbega  in 
Novae  Franciae  I'ars,  with  Cape  de  las  Islas,  at  mouth  of  river. 

1  liave  numerous  other  maps  iioiuting  to  the  site  of  the  eity,  uiuler  various  moililica- 
tious  of  the  name. 

Noniega,  Solis,  1.5<.)S,  —  eity  in  Noeua  Franeia,  with  Norvega  and  Suedia  on  the 
Fairopeau   portiiui  of  the  map.     (See  map,  ]iage  I.'.'!.) 

■fliis  map  and  the  three  foUowini,'  couple  tlie  Norumbega  of  Nova  Franeia  (New 
France)  with  the  Norway  of  Euroi>e.  'fhe  three  later  are  obvious  copies  of  a  common 
oriu'inal  based  on  tlie  Saga  story  of  the  early  Norse  voyages  and  the  recognition  of  the 
h'cality  of  N'ineland. 

Norumbega,  Ortelius,  l.".7(».  —  site  of  city  in  Nova  Frani'ia. 

Norue-a,  Solis,  l.V.lS,  — city  on  the  Ilio  (Irande.  in  the  province  of  N<iiiVi:oA,  subor- 
dinate to  t'^lie  Nova  FuANeiAof  Verra/.ano.--a  river  flowing  from  the  land  througli  a 
lake  to  the  sea."     (Vineland  Sagas.) 

Norvei,'a,  T.otero.  U'.d.'!.  —  site  of  city  in  Nova  Franeia. 

(lu  ;iU  the  last  preceding  live  maps  the  cits'  of  Norumbega  is  against  the  Island 
Claudia. 


^1 


84 


DEKKNCKS  OK   NOUIMHKCA. 


Sometimes  we  Imve  both  the  name  and  the  murk,  or  cipher,  indictitiiii; 
a  citv.  The  eiphor  is  sometimes  omitted.  In  Thevet  ( 1550)  and  Mercator 
(15t)9)  the  name  Norumbega  is  at  the  junction  of  t\V(»  streams,  where  I 
found  tlie  fort,  and  also  lower  down  the  river,  with  the  device  of  the  city 
iit  the  latter  point  only.  On  Wytlliet  the  eity  is  jdaeed  at  tlie  jiniction  of 
the  two  streams.  In  some  eases  the  name  of  Norumbe;,>'a  as  a  country  is 
given.  In  a  few  cases  it  is  marked  as  a  river  as  well  as  a  city.  In 
most  cases  the  name  refers  to  a  city  on  the  left  iuink  of  a  river,  called 
Rio  Grande  as  well  as  NorumI»e>,'a.  At  the  bottom  of  the  sheet  is  tlie 
map  of  Solis  (l")t)S)  and  the  copii's  of  the  same  original  by  Ortelius  and 
Botero.  which  connect  Vineland  with  New  France  and  the  Charles.  A 
sec()iid  sheet  of  maps  to  be  later  presented  will  carry  forward  the  evi- 
dences of  an  ancient  city  of  Norumbega  at  Watertown,  down  to  the  date 
of  its  recent  discovery. 

Lescarbot.  1010  ;  Douay.  ICOT  ;  and  Wytlliet  (Angmentnm  Ptolo- 
maca'li.  1597. —  all  alike  carry  the  st.Uemeiit  that  "A)  //ir  norllt  (f  Vir</i,iiu 
;.s  yuri'in!,'<i<i.  vha-li  is  mil  kwunt  >i,s  a  hraullfnl  rlf//  a,uJ  a  gn'al  ritrr,"  which 
in  most  particulars  hud  before  in  sub^ance  been  related  by  Allefonsce. 
Thevet,  and   Ingram. 

Tin;    I'aHI.IKST    NnKCMIlKUA    0\    Tins    SkIUKS    ok    >fAI'S. 

Among  th.'  i.iovimvs  ov.-r  wliich  Aj!l,)n  \v;i,s  niu.l.'  A.l.ilaiitado  (Lrnwriior),  with  a 
I'luirtfr  coiiti'iniihitin-  possi'ssioiis  .■xti-iidiii)'  eight  Imn.in'd  leagu.'s  n..i'tliw,inl,  ,iii,l  with 
w!nrh  th,'  pilot  .Miniolo  h;i,l  Wnmw  ur.pmintwl  .„i  an  ..x[,...iiti..n  „f  (iiscovry  u.irtl.- 
w.ml  tn.m  the  l!;,i.:uii;is  in  1,-,L'(),  w;is  Aivual,,..  Tli.-  luunv  „ii  tiir  t.K.p  of  I'K.T  Mar- 
tyr, .,nimtat..i  l,y  Ihil-luyt  (\->A7).  is  A,v,„l.i.  It  is  ^iv.'!!  In  a  l,„.al,ty  ■■,-,,r..s,.nt.Ml  on 
th,'  ropy  nf   I'.-tri-  Martvi'-s  ma],  of  1,-.;M.  ,„  th,.  I.,n,,x    I.ihrary.     It  is  on  th.^  h'io  <!am,„, 

—  Stn;,   ,j„mi:i   (Goiaiv).'     Ki,,  (;,ui,iis   is  ,., '   tj,,.   n.anics  of  th.'   Cliarli'S.      T.Tra   lU- 

Aylhm-iaaiiily  th,'  torritory  ot  New  K,:,.!an,l  _ ,,  ,h,,wn  on  ltil„.ro\s  niap  (lal't)).  It 
lit's  to  thr  north  ot  (:,,„■  Co,!,  and  holds  Aivnd.i.  .-Xssormti.d  with  this  name  m  th.' 
h..t  of  i,n,v,nr.  .s  ,.r  lv^-l,,ns  ,,i-  loralitn's  „v,t  whndi  Ayllon  wa.s  to  rule  won>  many  oth.'i 

>  I-  s«.n„  not  i>ni«,.,l,le  that  the  oc^st  of  \..w  Kn.dand  wrvs  vi>i„.d  .,v  .\cran,„nt.>,  cn„,„d.s.,iun..,l 

by  terdnmud  and  Queen  .Ju:u,a  of  Ca,sfie  under  tl.e  ^-u,da, ,f  ll,vl.',u  jMiuts.  :«  early  a,s   1.->11. 

15ut  tl.e  reenid,  if  one  was  made,  ha.s  not  heen  idenlitied.     .Se,.  Itrevoorfs  Verra/.ano,  p  0!) 


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DEFKNC  ES  OK   N(miMnK<iA. 


36 


iiami'^t.  siiiiit'  of  which  sfi-in  Imt  iliiil(>ctio  modiHcutioiiH  of  Indian  nanifs  still  preHcrvcd  oil 
thi'  Ni'W  Kiinlaiid  cda.^t.  I'ctiT  Martyr  concfivcil  this  ri'^ioii  to  join  to  ISaccalaos,  wiiicli  at 
tht'  clati'  of  his  wntuiK',  iw  Hhown  on  KiU'ro's  map,  lay  ht'twfcn  New  riiiiirc  ami  I/ihrador 
(then  Nova  St-otia).  fSw  IVtcr  Marty  r'H  "  Dfcadf.s,"  VII.  idiai).  ii.,  and  Navanttf'.s  "Collec- 
tion of  Voyages  and  Discoveries,"  Vol.  III.  p.  (;!»-7I;  also  Hcrrcra's  "Decades,"  Hook  viii. 
I  add  a  full  list,  italiei/iiiK  tlie  names  which  I  htdieve  to  he  still  jireserveih  — 
Snuf/ii;  Chlciini,  Xapira,  'I'atancal,  .Iniidtlyi',  Cocayo,  Cinacayo,  Xoxi,  Sona,  J'(ia<jue, 
Arambc,  A'linKiuimbi;  llumj,  Tan/aea.  Venyohol,  I'aor,  Taiiuniscaron,  Carixaiiuisignanin, 
and  Aiiexii.  Ik'sides  these  there  ari^  mentioned  I>uhare,  "on  the  opposite  side  uf  a 
hay  from  Chicora,"  and  Cluadalpe,  Xapeda,  llitha,  Xnuiunumhe,  Tihc,  Uuacaia,  (Juohathe, 
Tanzacca,  and   I'ahor. 

I  add  also  a  list  of  certain  of  the  Spanish  names  with  what  seem  to  me  to  be 
corresponding  Indian  nann'S.  The  litTcrenees  hetween  tliesc  and  the  efpiivalcnt  Sjanish 
are  not  n^eater  than  hetween  the  nj  'iCi'  given  to  the  siiiue  locality  in  the  dialects  of 
neighhorini.'  tr'/cs.     For  example:  — 


Spanihh, 
Sftuche 

( 'hii'ora 
Anieatiye 

I'asipii 
Arambe 


Ai.ociNyriN, 
Saco 
t'hicoma 
Jjatiscdtcc, 

Now  railed  Anticosti 
Pasipie 
Nornndie;,';!.  on  the  R. 

(Jamas  ((iumez),  the 

Charlea 


Maino 
Maine 

Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Jlouth  of  lUuzard's  Hay. 


Massachusetts. 


Xamunamhe 

Some  eomponnd,  of  which 

Aramlie  —  that  is,  Nornm- 

hc'na  —  formed  a  part. 
Huag  Q"n-iP 

Duhare  Du  Haute  (?) 


yuohathe 


Cohasset 


Lon.u'  Tslnnd  [N.  V.]  South  Shore. 
See   dohn    Smith's    map  off   the 

mouth  of  the  rcnobscot. 
Massachusetts  Hay. 


Without  now  going  into  detail,  one  may  ask,  Were  these  maiwnaker.s 
and  liistoriotrraphers,  repre.senting  difforcnt  and  sometimes  rival  nationalities, 
united  for  .seventy  years  in  a  oouspiiacy  to  impose  on  their  sovereigns,  the 
worl.l  ul  geography,  an.l  themselve.s  ?     Is  such  a  conspiracy  conceivable? 


30 


UKFENCr.S  OF   XOllUMliKlJA. 


Jf  there  could  not  have  been  i*iich  a  conspiracy,  there  iinis/  have  been  a 
eitv  of  Norunibega.  It  will  I'o  seen  tliat  it  coukl  only  have  been  on 
the  Charles. 


The  Signifratuin  ov  the  Latiti-de--^. 

Dr.  Parkinan  discredits  Allelbnsce  and  Thevet.  but  credits  Chainplain 
with  having  niudc  the  first  correct  map  oi'  the  ^■ew  England  coast. 

Let  us  see  hoir  much  this  involves.  These  three  navigators  —  Alle- 
fonsce,  Tiievet,  and  Chaniplain — alike  [tlace  the  shores  of  a  great  bay  in 
the  ibrty-third  degree,  where  the  Coast  Survey  places  Ma.s,sacluisetts  Hay  ; 
that  is,  they  place  Cape  Ann  and  Capo  Cod  and  the  region  between. 
whicl>  includes  the  mouth  of  Charles  Kiver,  —  all  three,  —  in  the  forty-third 
degree. 

Let  us  carefully  ct)nsider  these  three  points.  The  42d  degree  reaches 
tON\ilhin  a  few  minutes  of  the  summit  of  the  peninsula  of  Capo  Cod. 
Capo  Ann,  the  mor.,'  nortlnTU  salient  of  the  bay,  is  in  42  oS'.  The 
moutli  of  Charles  River  at  Nantasket  is,  according  to  Thevet,  in  12'  14' +■ 
Boston,  according  to  the  Coast  Survey,  is  in  42'  21.''  See  how  narrow  the 
belt  is,  what  is    in  it,  and  what  authorities   are   imited  on   its  latitude! 

Within  the  compass  of  le.-is  than  forty  miles  in  the  forty-third  degree 
are  the  three  points. —  Cape  .Vnn.  th.'  mouth  of  Charles  liiv.'r,  and  Cape 
Cod.  — in  which  the  Coast  Survey,  Cha'::plain,  Thevet,  and  AUefon.sce  all 
are  agreed ! 

Within  the  same  limits  of  latitndi  ,  I  hold,  wa.s  the  ancient  city  of 
Xorumhega.  Th.'  proofs  are  maiiiiold,  but  let  us  take  a  single  one, 
resting   primarily  on    AUefon.sce. 


■  strictly  spoikiiii,',  the  St;iti>  H.nis.-  is  in   1^°  2F  L'7".0. 

•■  I'urchas  (I'll:;  I  pl.icfs  .V.)ruiiil«'-.-\  1„iw,-,.m  il,e  Ki>iiiirlH-c  un.l  (;.,[„.  Co.!;  OlmIIiv  (nTl)  plmvs 
11  in  tliP  r..L'i..n  of  llio  forty-tliinl  .Ifijrw.  .Vantaskct  an.i  0.1ia.M.s,.t  iiiv  „n  th.'  iii:i|.s  of  \Vintl,-o,., 
<  li.iiiililiiiii.  1.,'s,  ivbni.  ati.l  the  Coiwt  .Survc)-.  L'liJer  otLu 
m:iny  othi-r  iii;ip*. 


.1   ii.iiufs  llii'  siimi;  |Kjiiits  are  imliiatoii 


DKKKNCKS  OK  N()Kt"MI!E(iA. 


m 


;  , 


Identity  of  Cape  A\x  with  the  soutueun  Cape  Breton  of 

Al.LEKONbCE    I\    THE    K>  )UTY-TIIIi;i)    l)E(iKKi;. 

Aside  from  the  irn'sintilili'  loiric  wl'  tlio  latitude  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Chiirlcs,  observed  and  reeoided  l»y  Thevet,  it  has  already  been  hinted  ' 
that  the  arch  upon  which  confident  convietion  may  rest  contains.  Ibr  one 
of  its  elements,  Allelbn.-i  e's  identiliouiioii  ol  Cape  Viui  with  a  certain 
ancient  cape  called  Cape  Breton.  Allerons<-e  was  the  first  to  make 
absolutely  clear  that  there  were  /•■•<>  di/n'  Iir,li,)is,  somewhat  less  than 
eiirhty  leagues  apart,  one  m!"  which  was  in  the  Ibrty-third  degree,  and 
i«  no  longer  known  by  that  name,  but  as  Cape  Ann.  The  other  Ciipe 
Breton  was  the  one  with  wliicli  we  are  all  familiar  as  the  island  in  forty- 
live  to  forty-eigiit  deirr(^s.  separated  from  Newfoundland  by  a  considerable 
strait  leading  from  the  Atlantic  imto  the  (iiill"  of  St.  Lawrence,  —  now 
called  ('al)ot  Straits  on  the  Admiralty  Chan,  followimr  the  tuigge.stion 
of  Mr.  Urevoort.  —  and   from  the  continent.  l)y  the  Cut   of  Cunso. 

In  Alleibnsce's  time  th' re  w:is  what  was  called  the  Sea  of  Canada  (Mer 
(In  Canada  I,  which  inihided  the  waters  we-^t  of  New  I'oiaulland  :  and 
thei''  was  another  and  great. -r  sea  to  the  south  and  east,  called  la  Mer 
Oceauf  This  is  so  stated  ;.i  Allefimsce's  niamiscripts.  olitained  from  the 
archive^  of  the  BiMiotheque  Nationale.  of  whici.  I  have  before  me  a  ]Mlioto- 
graiihic  alt-solute  fac-siniile.  He  thus  presents  in  the  French  of  his  tiuio 
the  great  laet  of  the  r,'     Capr  linhiiis.     Allefoti.sce  says  :  — 

"  H.  iiiurnant  ,ai  C  •  de  Haf/,  i|ui  'v-t  cii  la  Mrr  Ocoaiic  .  .  .  jc  ditz  quo  cc  Cap  Riitz 
ct  !•  «'a|Mk'  l!rrt<>u  n  j.liis  dc  [utrts  ^■n  hi  Mr  (h'l'inu-.  t\\\\  est  inn'  isle  appolli'  aiissi 
.>^.  .J''liaii.  <ur  I'cst-noni-i'st  i-t  oiu'st-sud-duest.  [.w'c]  11  _v  a  en  la  rmilr  i|iiatrc  \  ingt 
lieiics.  be  (li'-t  <'ip  Breton  «/•  hi  M'  r  0^  ■  ,nif  est  par  quarfntC'  ihiix  di'jrex  I'.tnHi'ur 
Je  p"ll<   Artiipi' ." 

This  fWKBitjtf  is  pre*«»*?Vd  iiy  the  mention  of  the  Isle  Oiseaux,  Isl.  Brion, 
«id  St.  Mii-'uel.  as  in  the  Mer  du  C'anaila,  in  latitude  aliout  4G  -48  . 

'  >.■■■  mv  co'iTnunii'ation  on  the  "  Disoovi'ry  of  fho  Aiicipiit  City  of  N'ormiilics;;!.'' 


i 


■r^ 


3« 


l)i;l"F,N(  r.s   (IK   NdKlMHKf.A. 


Manv  ot'  tiicse  places  still  bfur  tlif  iianu's  \Uvy  horo  in  tlio  middle  of 
llu'  sixtLHiilli  eririirv.  Tin'  Si.  .lohii  of  that  tune  ami  latitude,  liowever, 
liecaiiie  I'riiU'e  Ivlwaiiis  l^iaiul.  Uuv  si  i'-  of  tiie  island  ui  Cape  Breton 
fai-e--  ilie  Cuil:  of  St.  Lawmu'e  (the  Mi  i  ;hi  Canada  the  otiier  ^ide  looks 
out  on  the  MiM-  Occant  ' 

In  th"  sea  of  (  inada  is  tlie  islam)  of  St.  dolin.  on  Sebastian  Cabot's 
map.  In  ilie  sawn'  sea  \va.-  another  Cape  Rutv.  (onr  Cape  liayi'.  on  the 
west  coast  <'*  New  Ibniidinnd.  aero-<  the  Calif'  Miaits  ol'  the  recent  Adnii- 
rahv  charts  aiil  mnlhcist  of  C;ipe  Nm'th.  tlie  earlier  Cape  liOrain  i.  Be- 
sides tlii>  was  the  iitluT  Capr  Kave  lalso  called  Cajie  liat/.  Ii_v  AUefonsce) 
ai  the  >oiithea-i'rii  e.\trei!  rv  of  Newtbnndland  mnr  Ca]ie  li^ire  i.  whieh 
was    in    the    Mei'    (»ri;n!  Beside.-    this  island   ol'   St.   John,    in    the   Cniii 

if  St.  Law  r  nee.    th w.is    that    in    the    pirty-third  degree    referred    to   by 

Alletbnsce.- 

Thei.  are  twu  .n-criyr  ..ris  ref' '^ng  t»»  the  i„imlfall  of  .Ttdm  Cabot 
in    I  t'.'T.   on   the    n::";    mt     l-     1.  —  '■ /'  iiiKi   ri.^a,"  anil    "  I'l'/uin  Icrra  li^d." 

Ill  my  paper  on  :bf  Lunrll'ail  ol'  .Mm  ('abot.  ISSo.  1  sngirested  that 
the  la:  d  fust  seen  Btti^t  fcuiviC-  hcen  3ft.  Aipninen.MMis.  somewhat  inland 
and  to  the  northw—-  of  <  rjiv^  Ann.  JL  feieiid  —  Bev.  I)r  TIiomki-  !lill. 
formerly  BresitleTttr  o:  Har\;urd  t'niv>-'t'»ity  —  has  calculate!!  the  liori/.on 
final   the   sunuiiii    of  -Lie   inoitntaiUi.   w  '!i    'ff-*    known    height    and    latitude* 

'  On  .-niiip  iif  my  mn\<-  On"  \(ir  dii  ('^unu^a!  ••mbru't's  N'ewfniinillaii  I,  ami  t^itiMnl'.  to  the  .ouih 
ward  fvon  lieyond  llii'  iMtitiid.-  of  ('ii|>f  >i!  i>- 

'  Thi.'<  little  i.-land.  ^i  .1  .liu.  i-  nfiTrH  'o  m  tin-  ImJihwiiii:  piira'^mili  frotn  IIiik';ii>t  Om.  of  the 
li'i;;!'!!!!"  on  llii'  t':il«it  iiiap  (•'  .\.i  luis "  cfliiw  .  dt"  ls^l,a»  tian.'ilnl.-.l  hy  llaklnvi  aii'l  'iti-il  l.y  the  l.iic 
J)r.  t'liarli'r^   Di'aiu'  (Wiiisor.  vul.  iii.  p   ■{'•  ri-^x  :  — 

"In  tin-  yi'ar  cif  mir  I,..|(|  \\U\.  .lolin  Citxit.  a  V,  ni-tian,  and  hi.<  w>m  Si'li««tiin  ;witli  an  l".iiyli«li 
fleet  siiit  nut  frnm  liti-tnh.  cli^invi  r.d  tlia.t  land  wli  .  li  mi  m.iii  liefiirc  rliat  liad  attwnpti'd.  "ii  the  J4th 
of  .Iiuif,  al)u\ii  fiv.'  (j'.IiK-k  (if  ill.-  lar'iy  nmnv.nj.  Tlii-  land  lii'  calNd  I'liiiri  Ve' i.  lliit  Ik  to  nay 
Fir^l  .S.  rn.  —  liiraii-i'.  !i«  I  -iipj.n^i'.  if  mn*  thai  |iart  wliiTiMif  tliey  lial  iIm-  lirst  «ii;lif  from  tlio  ma 
That  i-land  whl.l,  lyth  (iiit  l.,-f,.-..  ih-  land  In-  calVd  !h.'  i-l,ind  "f  S'  .lohn.  ii|"iii  this  occidion. 
a.'  I  think.  lirc'aii<i'  it   wa.<  di.-i-..vcr.-il   ,i|.iiii  thr  d:iv  i.l    St    J.ihn  the   Hipti-i  " 

Ilr  IVanr  remark.-*  that  the  |ia,ssa'_'e  in  [•  iieutJicses  i.-i  not  in  the  uri-inal,  hut  \va-  iiilrodneeil  hy 
ll.kluvt. 


DKI'K.XCKS  OK    N<)lU;MlU:(i.\. 


39 


:tn'l  finils  tliiit  it  inijiht  have  been  seen  earlier  than  Capo  Ann,  from  ;> 
vt'ssel  coinin,u,-  in  Iroin  sea.  The  island  of  Si.  John  of  the  forty-thinl 
il.'.rree  nuist,  then,  have  later  come  into  view.  It  was  tlie  island  m.v/  of  the 
Aimi.stiuani  River. —  the  canal  St.  Julian  (Johan)  of  Clomez,  —  outsiilo  of 
which  island  of  St,  -I'jhp.  arL-  the  Thne  Turks'  Heads  of  John  Smith  (the 
small  islands  near  the  sliore  of  St.  Jolm's),  —  Strait's  Mouth,  'J'hatcher's, 
an  i   Milk   islands.     See  BoUem's  map,    l-JOl,  having  Canal.   S.   Juan.' 

The  St.  John  of  Sel)aslian  Cabot's  m:ip  of  1-"J4  seems  to  have  been 
re«x)<.^ni/ed  liy  .VUefonsco  as  a  name  applied  to  an  island  in  the  southwest- 
ein  i)Mi!  (jf  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  island  of  St.  John,  of  John 
Cabot,  —  his  Iiandfall  on  his  birthda},  June  21.  IH'T.  —  was  separated  from 
the  mainlanil  by  the  Annis(inani  River,  which  was  the  original  Gut  (  f 
Canso.  as  I  pointed  out  in  1S85,  in  my '•  Landfall  of  Cabot."  The  cluster 
of  isl.inds  north  on  Sebastian  Cabot's  map  (1-")14),  on  the  Dauphin 
1  Desccliers.  loHiK  Gastaldi.  Ruscelli,  Solis,  Merriam.  and  a  crowd  of  other 
maps,  are  the  islm/i/s  of  thr  Mu'iir  cms/.  s<)ii//i  of  FirHchinan's  Ba;/.  Th' 
I'cwihsrnt  is  roiifiiiiiiilid  ii'ilh  Ihr  SI.  L'ifirncc.  I>ut  it  is  impossible  to  stop 
h"re  to  consider  the  matter  of  the  confu.sion  between  the  two  now-found- 
lauds,  which  I  have  discussed  nt  length  in  connection  with  the  map  of 
Sebastian  Cabot,  in  a  paper  ncaily  ready  for  the  press.  These  hints  are, 
howevt'r,  sullirient  to  euali'e  the  student  to  clear  away  the  mists  witli 
whicii    the   sul)jecf    has   been   envelo]H>d. 

The  name  St.  John,  though  applied  first  and  limiteil  to  the  island  cast 
of  the  Ainiis(piam  River  and  Bay,  includes  on  some  maps  llie  mauiland  for 
a  considerable  distance,  — as  we  see  on  Cosa,  Gastaldi,  and  Ku.soelli.  It  was 
thf  prevailing  iDtion  down  to  the  time  of  Allefonsce.  —  indeed,  down  to 
til, it  oi  Ramusio.  —  that  the  whole  region  was  made  up  of  islands,  \  or- 
razano's  maps  have  only  recently  bei-n  brought  to  light.  Ril>ero's  ni:!]), 
ld',i'J,  also  .seems  iu)t  to  have  been  seen  cither  by  Allefon.sce  or  Ramusio, 


1  This  pliiiiiii.'l  i,'<  iii.licnte.l  on  thf  map  of  fait    Cyprian  Southack.  from  ,«urv>.'y.s  m.ulo  h.'K.re 
I'illl,     {l'h(>tcf;raphuil  for  mo  by  the  liiited  .States  I'oant  Survey  Otiiee.l 


^gm 


40 


DKFENtKS   Ol'"   NuUL.MliKiiA. 


What  Ai.i.ki-onsck  said. 

Till'  passage  alroady  liuil  truiu  Alluluiisoo  may  be  translated  thus  : — 

•'  11,;  I,  mi  III  (■'  C.ij"  li>it;,  irhlrh  !.■<  ■■//  'lit  -/i./j  »r'i  [our  Vii\K'  Uacc  at  tin'  Sdutlieast 
ooriHT  of  NowfoundUma).  /■•<,,//  that  tin  (-'■■fr  Hit-  [on  tlu'  ono  liana]  a,ol  thr  Cij; 
of  Bn/'Oi  ,111:1  <'tli,r  /"-rts  in  tlu-  '-jnu  .".w.  ifl,l,-h  /.»  "/.■")  <•.(//.'■/  -/.hait  [on  the  <.tlu'r], 
,)/../(,/  !>„•  ,,ist-ii.,rtln'ixt  ,111,1  tr,>'t-.^;i(:lii,;.-'t  [aicj  ",i  the  ,;nir^,'  ,i;/lit,/  1,',i,/u,'k.^  TIi, 
i,ai,l  t'.ij,,'  liirtoii  „/  till  ,'i'ni  xm  [our  Tain'  AimJ  i»  tlirou,/li  [that  is,  next  to  and 
altuvo^  /■■rt,/-tiv,j  ./..'//•'..■'  -;''  >i',i-th  latltioU." 

Later   occurs  tlie    followiiiLT :  — 

"  Tuinini  >■'  tit,'  isl,ui,l  n/  St.  .h  lutn,  u-hi-h  i»  ciUfl  thf  I  ',tpr  '],■  />/■.  ^'»  [Caiic  Ann], 
ami  til,'  iiiiim  p,'rts  in  thf  M,  r  ii.;iin,\  irlii,'li  in  ,tl-'i',-  (hirt  u-nin,-  <l,  :ii;in  „/  tli>  h,  '■■jht 
pf  tin-  X-'rtii  r^'l,'  [tln'  i-i>L'ion  I'mui  ih.'  I  »ila\v:u-c  to  ("apt.'  Coil],  /  J"/;/  th,it  th,-  Cipr 
S'tinii  ■fih^iH.  r,iU,,l  ('■ij''' 'I,  Hi-,'  ,,.  iiii'I  th.  t',1/,  il,  !■!  F/;! )ir!s,%i ,0  .((•('  nirtlitiiKt  an, I 
foiitldrrxl.  aii'l  ti;  nlin;i  ,1  '/iiiii-tir  /mil  '■ixl  t-  u;  »t.  th,  n  ar,' ^n  th,  i;,iite  a  hitioln,! 
aiul forty  l,ii;iui\-<,  ,in,l  tlwrc  nuih'  a  Cijn  ctill,,l  Cip,   dc  .\"f,'mh,;iu,\" 

The  Ca]u'  ilo  la  Franci^caue  i-  on  .\lleton<C(''s  ju'ii-uiade  chart  at 
the  s\nniiiit  i>t'  ('ii|ii'  Cod;  the  Cape  Ni)rMmlii'i.nu'  in  liis  text  seems  to  be 
applieil  to  till-  wliolo  peninsula  of  Cape  ('("1  and  Long  Island,  and  ex- 
teiiiN.   ]iiTliaps.   to   iho   entrance   tn    Delaware    Bay. 

Alh.abnscc    continui-s:  — 

■•Tlu' saia  Cajro  is  in  alinut  foiiy-on''  iIilm-i'i's  of  latitiiac.'^  Tlio  coast  i.«  tlirouL'h- 
out  sandy  ainl  low.  with  no  iriMimiains.  aiul  aloirj  tin'  coast  tlirrc  arc  nianv  islands 
of  sand,  and  a  roa.st  danjoroiis  fiom  lianks  and  roi'k>  [from  llariinjat  to  Cohassi't 
rocks].  .  .  .  Iirvond  [liiat  is.  to  ih.'  nuith  of]  tho  Cap  tic  NorouiliiL'Uf  [railed  ou 
llis  map.  at  the  sununit  'if  the  Cape.  Cap  do  la  i'laneiscane]  descends  the  river 
called  Nor  iiulicLiuc,  aliout  f  weni\ -liv  li'aunes  from  lie  Cipe.  Thi'  said  river  is 
larixe  :  it  is  in  more  than  [that  is.  in  iii'_dicr  latitude,  thaii]  forty  dcL'ro  s  of  lati- 
tude, and   maintains  its   lari^'incss    .-(.ni''    thirlv-   o,'   forts    lea'.oie^,   and    is  salt    [Al'.e- 

'   It  is  iii'MitieiM'.l  that  tli>'  l.Mi;iiiM  wiTe  Fr>Micli  li-ii(J!ues,  iilioul  li.  12  ^'.llf,'li.^ll  iiiiles 

"  Frniii  till'  uu.iiiiti.in   it  ,ii'|K';ir-   Uiat   Allffon-si'L-   corirKivfil  Ui<'  ciMinlrv  of   Noonnli'^'UP  t"  '-x 

ti'nd   >'vr'ii   i.irtlii'r  tliaii    |ii-lawaii'    Hiy        Iiv  laivjuai,'"   i-    -■riii  •■>  liat   cuiifuscd,  ah.l  .I'-fiuo  to    iliile 

■'ate  po^-ii!'  ixleiiMuu  as  far  at   ii;am  as  LLarlcstoii.   Smlli  Carolina. 


DKI'KNCKS   OK    NORIMIIKGA. 


41 


fonsco  says  he  was  so  told, — svloti  Ic  dirt  des  (jom  h  la  I'/^/c] ,  and  is  all  full  of 
IhIcs,  \vlii(di  extend  some  ten  or  twelve  leagues  into  the  sea'  [the  Brewsters,  the 
(iravcs,  the  Uourintr  Hull,  tiie  Lizard,  ete.],  and  it  is  dangerous  fnim  rocks  and 
swasliiii-rs.  .  .  .  The  said  river  is  lieyond  I'orty-onc  dcirrtcs  of  latitude.  Within 
till'  said  river  fifteen  leagues  there  is  a  city  which  is  called  NorDniliciiuc,  ami  there 
is  in  it  a  fine  |iei)|)le,  and  they  have  (luautilics  of  skins  (if  all  aniiuals.  The  I'l'oiile 
wear  cloaks   of  niaiteii  skins.  .  .  .  The  land  of  Norombegue   is  high  and  good." 

Allofonscc  makes  the  coiist  southward  from  Cape  tie  la  Franciscaiio 
(Cap  Noruiubogiie,  —  the  Peninsula  of  Cape  Cod)  including  Long  island 
and  the  Jersey  roast  to  Didawarci  Bay.  low  and  sandy.  He  makes  the 
entrance  to  the  river  Xoroiuhegue  (between  Naiiant  and  Cohasset)  full 
of  islands  and  rocks,  and  for  these  reasous,  with  its  tide.s,  currents,  and 
the  winds,  dillirult  of  navigation. 

Ailcfdusce's  description  makes  identification  easy  to  one  famihar  with 
maps  of  the  Coast  Survey  of  the  region  Irom  .'J'J'    to  45°. 


TlIK   Wl-.ICIIT   OF   THE   AuTMOunv. 

I  have  said  Allefonsce  has  never  been  doubted  He  was  distinguishes 
lor  liis  probity,  character,  accomplislnm'nts,  and  trustworthiness  as  ?.  maiHi 
ami  a  pilot.  Whoever  cai'os  to  (jui'stion  this  may  h.-ive  iiis  atteutiu.; 
ilirected  to  Margry  (at  girat  length),  and  to  the  ••Cosmography"  and 
'•  Singularilc/,  "  of  Thevet.  I  iiavc  already  referred  to  what  Bievoort. 
Hakluyt.  Kohl.  D'Avezac,^  have  said,  and  to  the  record  ot'  long  serxfc 
as    professional    pilot  on  botli    sides   of  the    equator    in    the    Atlaultv\  awl 

'  Tliorfiiiir.s  S.'iirti  ~r>vs,  "  fief 're  the  riivr  mrr  ij'rat  isUimh." 

«  fi;ifF;iri-l  mii-l  li:\v.'  si'fil  tlii'  tii:iii\l'!rripfs.  wliii'li,  ticiii;,'  in  Olil  Fri'iicli  scrip!,  were,  as  1 '^W)-. 
c.ivp,  .lilli.Milt   t.i  vcail.   iir.d   iicl    liki'ly   in  \u:\Vv  .i  fuvnralilo   iiiipri-smM       An   I'Xport,  al   %h>,   tB^N,>« 

tlicpii'.    for    inv  IIS"   vcrtcil    lli.'    an   innt    iul..    ni.Mlcrii    Frcnrli    characters,   an.l    this   c-py   came 

with  the  pholiiu'raphic  copy  nl'  Ih.'  ori;;inal.  Th.'v  were  translated  for  me  by,  the  lVnfe«s,vr  tii 
Kren.-h  at  Welh.vslry  CdUeKe.  Otliers  h.ave  copii,!  ami  printc.l  iio.'usional  po.-tjous  ol'  tlic  Taftnit. 
scripts.  as  Itcv.  Dr  De  Costa  ami  the  lat"  Mr  Murphy.  It  is  m.t  to  ho  womlcivd:  at  Miat  (*K<S< 
h.'ivc  crept   into  holh   -oine  niisiirints,  wliicli  scri'Mi-ly  alTci't   the  sense. 


42 


Pr.rKN(  I>   OK    NOKl'MMKCA. 


also  in  tlio  Inilian  Occaii  ami  Soutlicni  Pacifio.  Tho  host  nnswoi.  po^ 
sihlv,  to  piTsoiial  tritii'ism  ol'  Allolonsci'  is  this:  Of  all  the  sca-capuiiii- 
of  France  he  was  choson  hy  the  King  to  he  the  pilot  ot"  Koherval'H  ex- 
ploring' expedition.  —  virtually  undertaken  to  supersede  tho  gifted  Cartior. 
at  a  time  when  the  passage  through  to  the  I'acilie  wiia  tlie  uiosl  important 
geographieal   prohlem  before   the  world. 

Whv  was  this?  Had  l.irlier  failed  to  fnul  the  ''Northwest  Passage" 
tor  lark  of  a  competent  ]Mlot '.'  .\t  all  events,  a  rlnnge  was  made 
Thr  KiuL'  wanted  the  '- >/  ]iilot  ot'  the  realm  to  aeeompauy  anew  admiral 
The  oecasion  in  his  opinion   justified  it. 

.\<  1  have  intimated,  the  ••  t'osmography "  of  Allefonseo  is  not  clegan: 
Fri'iuli  Then'  i«  in  the  eoinposition  an  air  of  its  having  l)een  dictated 
ami  the  phrases  taken  down  rir/m/iin.  This  may  liave  heen  done  hy 
Secalart.  wlic.i'  name  appears  with  that  of  Allefonsce,  nlthough  the 
titl.iVige  of  tiie  manuscript  is  wanting.  Be  that  as  it  may.  never  fnr 
a  line  is  the  sen-e  of  personal  responsihility  for  what  lie  is  saying — the 
pride  o!  the  pilot — wanting.  His  relation  was  written  at  a  time  whin 
Americ.i  wa<  still  supposed  to  he  made  up  of  i.slands,  —  as  indicated  on 
Co.sa's  map.  on  (iastaldi's,  on  Ruseelli's,  and  speciiically  in  the  text  of 
Ramu-io.'  He  susjx'cted.  as  others  did.  the  connection  of  Stony  IJro'  k 
will]  the  St.  Liiwrence.  as  inilicatrd  on  maps  in  !iiy  possession,  and  the 
oHier  lii'.inrli  of  the  Cliarles  with  liiizzard's  Hay.  or  Xarragaiisett  ;  and 
Thevet  seems  u>  \\u\v  had  the  latter  notion.  There  are  many  majis  ot' 
the  peri>'d'-  indicatiiiL'   this  idi'a. 


*'■•  From  tliH  rfi>..rls(>t  (  .irtier,  wo  %rc  ant  i.'ar  xs  yd  whothor  N.^w  Kram-,.  is  cunlimious  witli 
the  Ttrra  Firmn  -if  tli>'  Provinces  i>(  Firm  )«  miH  Nbw  Spiiui.  or  wln-ih.  r  it  is  nil  .-lu  up  iiao  isl.in.i.s. 
and  whethw  ♦r-.uifh  tlu'SP  pw^'  one  ran  i;  u  ^iie  Provinci'  of  Catiii.  ;t»  ^va^  wriltiMi  nn;  niiiny  yars 
ai»o  liy  ■*<(iii«tltin  Oibot,  nnr  Wnelwu  "     (•^^  Kolil'.n  ••  Disiovi^rv  of  Anu'rica,"  [i.  oso  ) 

2  VcrriiwMio^  map  tMaioIIo's),  iri2t-I-">J7,  ami  RiIntm'*  1."i1.'7-1."c'!I,  .win  to  li.iv'  Ik'.'U  ainont; 
til.'  first,   si  O)  •  Ui-?  vi-ri  sriil.  lu  j.i'-out  ,t    ..r  •■.l  |.i.  ,i  ui    tin.'   ci'i.l.iaiil\    of  tlio  conaL 


I)i:i'i:nci;s  of  noklmuega.  43 

Erkoks  in  estimati.vo  Longitudes  and  Distances  at  Sea. 
How  NKAU  Ali,i:ko\sce  came. 

Distances  are  estiniiUed  in  leagues  and  latitudes;  but  in  a  virion  of 
ocean  ciiirents,  lii\e  tliat  iVoni  tlie  north  along  our  coast  southward  as 
Jar  as  llattcras,  these  coulil  only  l)e  approximate.  iJesides  the  Arctic 
curnnt,  there  are,  as  we  know,  the  gre.it  tidal  oscillations  which  ni.ike 
strong  currents  near  the  shore  in  alternate  directions,  twice  daily,  in  the 
region  of  Cape  Ann  and  Ca|)e  Cod.  Still,  the  latitudes  of  1;")I2,  when 
Allefon.sce  w.is  here,  were  in  the  main  trnstwortln',  cert.iinly  within  a 
degree.  \'erra/.ano  obtained  (at  anchor),  in  the  h.arhor,  precisely  the  lati- 
tude of  Newport  in  1-VJI  ;  hut  he  states  in  a  communication  to  the  King 
his  dilliciilly  in  making  ol).-;ervations  wlii-n  at  sea.  Allefousce's  record  and 
paragraphs  cited  at  length  in  Margry  recognize  something  of  the  same 
dilliculty.  Thevet  gave  latitudes  at  a  later  day,  as  already  noted,  with 
great  precision.  There  can  ln'  no  doidjt  as  to  the  general  trustworthiness  of 
Allefonsce's  latitudes.  We  .shall  ,see,  further  on,  that  other  geographers 
aiul  ex[  H)rers  sustain   him. 

Allefonsce's  Okioinai,  Ciiakts,  and  those  of  Others  who  iikt.d  as 

He  did. 

The  photograpliio  copies  of  tlie  two  .sketches  in  the  manu.-'cripts  of 
Allefon.-ce  in  the  llihliotheciue  N.  lionalo,  to  which  1  have  ri'ferred.  lead 
the  column.  One  is  of  the  isl.ind  of  Cape  Breton  at  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  in  latitude  of  ','<  to  IS  ;  and  the  oilier  includes  the  inlands 
olT  the  Maine  coast  ami  the  niiou  inunediati'ly  south  of  the  Cape 
Lrrton  ill  the  fortv-thinl  degi«c.  iVom  the  Raya  de  IJockas  of  lliiyx'h 
,|.",(I7)  —  tlie  hav  .•iL'aiti-'  the  Hrverly.  M.iuclu'ster.  and  ( llouce-ter  shore- 
—  .•southward,  iurlinliiig  the  ro<K-  ^iiid  i-lauds  at  the  iiiouth  of  the 
(Charles :  aNo  Cajic  Cod  and   the  ■salient-  ami  islands  still   I'ariher  ~outh. 

1  jilace  hefore  til-'  phot..'_Map',i<  tracing-  maiie  liy  liev.  Dr.  De  Costa 
and    Mr.    Murphv.    aiid    alter    them    a    suece.ssion    of    iiuqw    showing    that 


u 


1)i:i'i;n(  i;s  ok  NouiMUKdA. 


tlie  ai-soc-ititioM  of  Capo  Bivton  and  8(.  .loliau.  lomarkod  by  AUefoiisco  111 
in  the  fortv-thinl  dogroe,  arosi-  with  John  Cahot  and  Cosa,  and  has  hoi'ii 
perpetuatod  hv  nianv  oartoj^Mapliers  and  writers,  of  whom  Dr.  Slaftor  is 
the  latest,  ti.  i.kMitil'y  Ihi!  hititudes  and  lu'  .Lroixl  I'urtuno  the  t,'<.'o-,'rnpliii'al 
namos  of  John  t,'al)ot.  —  Catk  JJukton  [tlu'  Cabo  do  Yngia  Terra]  and 
St.  JoiiAN-  [8t.  .lohau  of  CosaJ.  See  also  eharts  of  equivalents  oi'  Cape 
Breton  and  St.  Johan.  of  the  lorty-tlnrd  degree. 


TiiK  Kklatiox  ok  Allefonsck  to  TiiK  TWO  Capk  Buktoxs 

The  object  in  this  sheet  of  maps  is  mainly  to  slu)w  that  there  were 
iti'o  Ci;,c  Bretons.  The  whole  series  o'l  f<u-sii,iil,,-<  is  fidl  of  testimony  relat- 
inir  to  early  New  England  eartograpiiy ;  and  as  the  map  is  detached, 
it  111:1  V  be  conveniently  used  to  illustrate  the  various  points  of  the 
argument. 

First.  There  is  an  island,  which  early  received  and  still  bears  the  name 
of  Cape  Breton,  lying  between  the  forty-lifth  and  the  forty-eighth  degrees 
of  latitude. 

Sii'i'iiil.  There  \^  itw>llh r  ('•ijn  Ihrl'ni.  —  "also  called  an  island," — also 
••called  St.  .lolui.'"  whieh  is  in  the  forty-third  degree.  This  capo  anti 
inland  no  longrr  bear  either  of  the  several  designations  recognized  liy 
Allefon.-ice. 

The  second  cape  is  now  called  Cape  x\nn.  and  is  not  recognized  a-< 
an  island.  It  is,  with  Gloiu'e^ii-r. -separated  from  the  maiidand  by  a  canal 
and  the  Annisquam  liivei'.  observed  by  (ioiiiez  in  15"J5.  and  called,  as 
already  mentioned,  eanal  St.  Julian  — St  Johan.  —  the  former  a  misread- 
ing, so   1   (oneeive.  of  the  maniiseii]it   reeord  eonimunieated   to  Ilarrisse. 

Tills  IS  THE  (ii;i(;i\\i,  island  ok  .buiN  Caiiot's  Lavdkam.  i.v  llUT, 
and  bears  tlie  name  and  ilate  mi   Lok'-^  map. 

Thh-il.  There  is  the  /»'//.  Cape  IJieioii  and  St.  Johan.  in  the  forty- 
third  deirri'e. 


iJKKKNCr.S  OI"   NOUUMIll'.dA. 


46 


Allkfonsck  in  nE(iAnD  to  the  two  Capr  Riiktons,  and  thio  Twin  Name  of 
THE  Cape  in  the  KoiiTY-Tiiii:i>  I)E(iur;K. 

List  of  Mil) is:  — 

1.  Ilt'stoiiiliiiii  liy  Rev.  Dr.  I>f  Costa  of  the  lii'st  sketch  made  by  Allefonscc  of 
the  island  of  Capf  iSiotoii  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

2.  Rostoratioii  hy  Mr.  Miir|iiiy  of  the  8ci;ond  siiotuh,  in  the  forty-third  dcirroe, 
liy  .Ult'fonsec,  showing  llio  Nui'unibega. 

;i.  lMi()to|.xi'ai)ii  cojiy  of  tlie  |)i'n-and-inii  siictcli  hy  Ailefonsee  of  the  royion  of 
till'  Island  of  Cape  Breton,  lietween  the  parallels  of  forty-hve  and  forty-eight 
degrees  of  latitude. 

4.  I'lmtograiihie  copy  of  a  jien-and-ink  sketeli  ly  Ailefonsee,  cniliraeing  the 
forty-lirsi,  forty-second,  forty-third,  and  forty-fourtli  de^-rees  of  latitude,  according 
to  his  relation;  also  Cape  Hreton  and  St.  JdIkui  <  Ca|ie  Ann),  Cap  dc  la  Fran- 
ciscane  (Cape  Cod),  and,  of  course,  llio  Xorumlterguc,  whicli  lies  between,  being 
in  the  forty-third  degree. 

5.  To  the  left,  Thevct,  from  relations,  including  the  forty-first,  forty-second, 
and  forty-third  degrees.     (See  Cosmograjihy,  loTo.) 

6.  To  the  right,  Thevet's  map  in  his  "  Cdsmogniphy." 

This  is  an  obvious  cojiy  of  Mercator's  q1')I)!I),  which  is  given  on  the  sheet 
(piiii-e  '■'<-)  entitled,  "  Was  there  a  City  "f  Xorumbega  ? "  It  shows  the  site  of 
iMirt  Norumliega  and  of  the  city  of  Norumiiega,  on  a  river  between  C.  des  IJertocns 
C.  de  Arenes.  In  his  relation  Tlievet  gives  the  latitude,  as  already  noted,  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Norombeirue   Rivei-  {is  4"2'  14. 

7.  Luk's  map  (or  tracing),  l"iH-J,  incorporating  and  indorsing  tlie  site  of  the 
Landfall  ot  John  Caiiot  in  14'.tT.  presenting  the  month  of  the  Charles  and  the 
supposed  (Verra/.ano)  isthmus  separating  the  Atlantic  from  the  racilic  — the  J//rt' 
l,ofi;,,„  and  Mar,'  Vn-m;ian,t,  — wwr  Barnstable.  A  photographic  fac-simile  is 
given   on   the   sheet    of  maps  (page  '-VIk 

8.  Cosa,  loOt).  ConctMved  to  lie  a  free-hand  sketch  (by  a  sailor  under  Cabot, 
who  afterwards  shipped  with  Cosa)  of  the  coast  alonir  which  .lolin  Cabot  sailed 
,„  Ip.iT, —  lifter  his  Lamlfall.  It  presents  Cavo  de  Vn-la  Terra,  and  Cavo  dc  St. 
Johan,  — the  enuivalents  of  Cajie   Breton  and   St.  .lojian.  on   Lok"s  niaiL— the  mouth 


of    the    Cliarles,  with    its    rocks    am 


1    islands,  and   the    ancient   islands  (now    joined 


to   the    main 
Shifter. 


laud)  at  the  terniin 


us   northward   of   Cai 


Cod,  identilicd  bv   Ilev.    Dr 


40 


HKIKNlKS  or   NOUl'.MllMIA. 


;•.  F.ins.liot  (:ilso  vMvd  ll;iklii\t  .MMit,vf|.  It  (Miiitaiiis  rape  Hritton  ( f.^r 
l!;'t.'t(iii)  Mini   I.   S.  Jdhn, 

10.  MmLiiii  '.M\rs  ('.  HiTloii  mill  S.  .Ii'liaii  at  t\\v  tmrlli.  and  I'.  {I'miiiiiiitdi-iuni) 
^•,,;,i-,.|ii,s  — ami  its  (iiol  ii'COLnii/.i'il)  ri|ui\ali  111.  tlir  ili.i.licatc  ('.  tli'  las  ArciiaH  —  at 
thr    SiUltll. 

U.  .loMiani  L'ivi'H  r.  [iictoii  ami  i.  ilr  >.  .'olia  at  Oir  ncutli  <i|'  H.  Criaiuli'.  tlir 
oarlif>t   iiaiiii'  (if  the  ChailuH. 

lli.  I'll".''"  llmni  111,  l.'i.")M.  i;..>iiai  Ilail">r.  uitli  the  ("api-  uf  Many  Islanils 
(Cdliassi'l  ).  hrtui'cn  Cap  dr  Al'riias  (Cape  Cucl)  ami  ('.  drs  IJcrlni'iiH  (^('apc 
Hivtoll  )    and    lull.  I'll    dr    .-•.    .Inliail    [tlir    Cllliil    i'l    <iniilr/.J, 


ll  is  well  to  pause  a  uionicut  ami  liwcli  mi  the  siL'tiificaiict'  of  tlicso 
LM'otrrapliii'ai  ti.icriiiiiiations.  They  IhiIiI  tin'  l\t'y  ti>  tlic  coiiijua  liciisuni 
id'  all  the  ancient  maps  ol  the  New  KiiLilaml  eoast.  Tiiis  slieet  ol'  maps 
carries  r,ii"iiiilu  ami  lo'i'^lnr  the  two  names.  —  ('ape  JJfetoii  ami  St. 
.lulian.  —  applicil   to  the   islami   in   thi'   luriy-tliiril   dt  L'ree. 

The  i>lami  is  indicated  cm  many  maps.  I5i;t  nn  that  ol'  l,(ik  it  is 
;iier;.red  ill  a  laiier  island  ;  ami  the  canal  and  Annis(|iiain  Jliser  aiv  not 
indicated. 

'  I  liiive  \<-\i  :i  -trfii'.;  ^iisj.ii-i..n  tli;it  in  lii.-  I).iii)hi;i  iii;ip  cf  l.'))!;  (  |>'.\\('/.u'  and  Kcilil  inakr 
Itn  ciiliiri  clati';  liul  it  i~  now  a~iritii'4  to  !)■  ■.!•.  li'TS,  u  illi  tin'  ilali'nf  IM'I ).  ami  that  cM'  S('!ia>tian 
I'almt  (l.")ll),  tlii'i'i'  wa.'i  an  t'lT-rt.  ni.idi'  \>\  tin'  in  ii.-mi.iK'T-.  In  iiri'smt  tin-  rival  claims  of  tin'  two 
.'•cn'rt.'ii.'ns  cif  Kranri-  an.l  llngliiinl  U>  tliu  Xfw  Kn^'land  const.  They  wcio  ih;iUeii;;cil  by  the  SjiuiiL^li 
iiiaii  i>l  Ilil'ci.i  .  f  1."..'7  -'a. 

.loi.ii  I  i!..a  l.iiil  the  foiiinlatiun  of  tli"  Ifiiti^h  claim  in  I  IflT ;  Vcrrazano.  tlml  (f  the  F' reach 
in    l."'.'l.— if   He   •xcIiuIb   that   based  on   the   preMMice    in    this    latitude   if    tlie    Unions   at   lea>t 


half 


a  ceninrv  cai  uer. 


in   C'alii't  ?   time  (Coiuinlmss  time)  it  wa.*.  a.s  we  k 


n'>'.\.   ili.>  prevail 


not:. ill    that    the  whole 


lieuci'    we    liavi' 


Western    World    was    a   cluster    of    islands.  -  the    exti'ii-ion    of    the    Kast     In.lii 

Cahofs    Lan.if.ill    on    an    inland.       It    is    b.tli'r    hIiowo    (ni    da-t.iMi     ii.d    Kiiscelli.       lint    the    real 


isl.iiid,  which   was   t'abots   .^l.  dih 


,n.   \va-  the   |.:ir1    cnt    oti   by   the    .\ 


i.i.i'i|nam 


Uiver,       till 


St.  Johan.   leadiii,'  to   .\nnis,|u.iin  li.n  (- 


:ip,   jMije  an.  .mil  Coast    Su;m,  'f  (ape   Ai 


pa-c 


■),       The  harbor  of  (; 


iiiccster  was  the   M     d.l.ir-  of  dolu,    Hut, -- the    S|    .I,,l 


laii    asso' n 


ated  liv  Allcfousc-  with  Cap.'  li 


:ipe    liretoii   ill   tl,.    forty-third  di-^'ive,  in  ll,,-   passage.    ■•  the  Cape  of  lireton 


rhirj, 


■■llliil    S.    .I;l„l„.    ,„„/ 


Vl'Uni     It!!,'  r    l>i 


;li,    M.r  (I. 


Ih.       Infill- 


■lliinl   ill 


'ir'".''     The  contiijuilv  of  the  coa-t       tie-  f  i -t  of  a  coiiiincnt — 


■m«  to  have  been  wl 


loiiv  acre 


■ted 


by   V, 


in    l-'.'l.       Ilib, 


ip  api  .  ,irs  to  hasc    re»t'-d    mainly    on    Spani-li    diart.s.      Nine 


DKl'KNCKS  or   NOUlMliKdA. 


47 


Lot    thi'    rciidcr   lonk    for    tlm    nimics    ('apo    Brcloii    and    St.  Julian   as 


riiiti/iiniiiiii!'. 


•I  nil  I 

Next,  look  I'oi-  (,'ariMiiis  (Capo  Cotl)  on  Lok's  map  a.s  ansocialcil  with 
tlu'sc  compiniions.   ami   always  at    tin;  south. 

'riirn  look  lor  the  river  hi'twccii  tlii'se  two  points,  —  earliest  known 
as  the  l!io  (irandf  on  Kuvscii's  map,  now  as  llie  (,'harli's  on  the  last  nmp 
of  the  sfiics,  —  llu-  ('oast  .Survey  of  Ma.ssacluisetts  Hay.  —  on  which  the 
outline  of  the  coast   in  thtj  forty-third  degree  is  presented. 

The  tcstiuiony  of  Chainplain,  tak  n  in  connection  with  the  site  of 
the  City  of  Norunihe^'ii,  will  be  further  considered  hereafter. 

liei   us  now  return   to  Thevet. 

First  of  all,  in  his  text  Ik;  ]ilaces  N()rond)e,Lnio  a.s  a  ronntn/  in  the 
fortv-thinl  .leo-ree.  where  Allefonsce  places  the  al/i  of  Xoruinhegno.  He 
gives  for  the  latitude  of  the  mouth  of  the  Charles  River  (Nantasket 
Itoiuls),  as  already  cited.  12  1  1'.  This  can  vary  but  a  few  minutes, 
whether  we  take  Nantasket  Koads  as  the  mouth,  or  the  East  Boston 
Ferry,  or  the  Charles  Hiver  where  it  enters  the  Back  Bay  at  Brook- 
line  Brldg.".   from  about    tli'lin'.' —  the  accepted  latitude  of  Boston. 

Thevet  calls  Cajjc  Cod.  as  we  have  seen.  Cape  Arencs  (strictly 
Cdaremsi;  Champlain  called  it  Cap  Blanc;  the  Dauphin  map,  Capo 
Sabhms  (Cdes  sabh.ns);  the  Dutch,  Witto  Ilocck.  —  all  so  calling  it 
beeause  of  the  presence  or  //■/«/-//,«  of  its  sand.  Cape  Aren-s  difTers  but 
liule  tVom  the  Cape  do  Aren-^s  (Cape  of  the  Sands)  of  Mercator.  and  is 
very  near  in  sound  to  the  (  IVomontoriunO  Coaranes  (of  Merriam?).  the 
ncarc'st  equivalent  in  pronunciation  to  the  Icelandic  name  Kjolrnes.  of  which 
Kjidm-iirs  of  Thorwald  is  the  genitive,  as  given  by  native  Icelandor.s, — 
the  inherited  ('arenas  of  Lok.  and.  probably,  of  the  time  of  John  Cabot, 
of  il  ,.;uue  ,l,mUU.ss  tl>n,uf;l,  .Vyllnu  ^lud  .I..  p.L.l  Miru-l..  of  a  voya,'.  .,.;..!,.  in  l.VJO.  _  oiglit  Imn- 
d.va  leagues  .u.rthwara  of  the  lialuM.as.  ;S,.o  1",  t-r  M.irtvr,  ••  Hocdos,"  vii  .hap.  .i  )  It  ".ay  have 
r.vmvea  nmterial  from  the  l>o,tu-.u..so  C'ortoreal,  \m,  and  the  geogral^he,  Uuysch,  l..n,.  (^ee 
list  of  Ma|w.  Jiaije  .')-'.) 

'  Strictly   1-'  -1'  L'T.ii '  applies  to  the  .State  lluiist!. 


!.   Ni 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


|gr 


<>.*^i^ 


%^ 


11.25 


Ui|21    125 
US  122   12.2 

S  Hi   ■" 
£f  ■:&   12.0 


14  IJ4 


ff!k 


^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


a>^ 


<> 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIUTIR.N.Y.  I'»M 

(7l«)t72-4S03 


^^    <«^\.  ^r\\ 


m 


DEFKXCKS  OK  X0ULM11E(;A. 


I  submit  a  table  of  Buccetwive  or  alternate  names 
of  the  three  most  imiiortant  iH)int.'<  in  the  Ibrt^'-third 

Catk  Ann. 

Ciijic  TiaL'!il)i.::zanda ' 
Cn\t  lU's  IsU's^ 
Ca|)c  Breton 


llivr.K  t'lIAIlI.K.g. 

Mt'8«-iulchii-Ki't' '  (Miwsachusetts) 
Mishaiim  (ItiK  I''*'-  Inihan) 
R.  du  (iimHt  (('liain|ilaiii) 


borne  on  tlie  maps 
degree  ;  namely,  — 

Capk  Cod. 
Wittc  Hoeck 
Cajte  Jaint-a  * 
Cap  Hlanc 


R.  das  (^('hiiiiiiilaiii  ;  alHo  Do  Ltct 
R.  XoniiiilM'fruc  (Nuruiubofja) 
H.  fiamas  —  (Jomos* 

Aiijuiilomo  (French  for  Kil) 
Kio  (iraiido 
Hit)  dl'illlo' 


) 


Capo  Cod ' 
Cap  des  SablonH 
Cabo  dc  Baxos 

C.  dc  Aronos 
C.  do  Arena 
C.  do  Arenas 
r.  Coaranes 
('arenas 
Kjillrnes 
Kjuhirnts 


Capo  nrytaiiio 
Cape  IJrytoii 
Ca|ic  liretton 
Capo  ISrittmi 
CajK'  Hrotan 
Cape  nritciniiin 
Capo  ik-rton 
Cape  Bertam 
Capo  Borto 
Cape  Brittain 
Cavo  do  YiiL'lu  torra* 
Cavo  do  Brittoni 
Capo  Britain* 

Island  of  "^t.  .fohan 
Cape  St.  Julian 
Cape  St.  Joan 

Tlicvet  ealls  Cape  Ann  Cap  Suinct  Jean  ;  Allofon.'^cc  called  it  St.  Jehan. 
Capt.  John  Kilt  (  Io27)  called  the  Harbor  of  tJloiicester  St.  John's;"*  [..ok 
also  gives  S.  Julian,  and  Co.sa  give.x  ("avt»  St.  Johan."  Gomez  gives  the 
Caiiu/  !it.  Julian  (St.  Johan);    Hnineni.  the   liinr  St.  Jcthan. 

«  Jolin  Siiiitli  ■  Hiv^les.        •  Ciiamplani  •  Charl.-s  I.         >  C.hiioI.I.        •  fJomei. 

■  Iliiv«ch  ■  Casn.  •  J.ihii  Calxit 

">  Cai.t  .luliM  Hill  (l.V.'V)  funnel  St  .Join,  -  i  (;i(.nc.'»t«r)  -».'<•  Puri-hiw,  vol.  iii  p  WIO  n  harbor 
full  (if  (iHliiiiji-vess.ls.  twenty  (ivc  l..;iu'ii...s  m.uiIi  of  Cii..*  d,'  Bun  aiiil  Cajie  <le  Itas  llarhor  (names 
on  V.'rra/ano'n  iii:i|,s  an,l  <.ii  the  Hanpliiii  mui.)  ||  is  aUo  on  the  ('<.a»t  Stiirey  and  State  map* 
k.s  Hiiss  Ilartini    llrail  iiii.i   |!a..8   ILiiLni.  .n    the  M.iith.  .i-t  v-t   ..f   .\!t     IVsert. 

"  On  CdKas  map  we  Lave  with   Cavo  .St.  Julian,  uh  we  have  wen,  Cavo  Jo  Yngia  terra,  the 


^^^mm 


2 


? 

2 
^ 


i: 


tf» 


s^^^.^ 


v-diV 


*•«.. 


m 


'v.. 


"*</«»♦. 


.:|;ii'»n«/«i«»  Jl 


/ft 


/ 


T  /  ,'  '  \* 


^.. 


\ 


~  ^ "" 


9, 


y 


X 


«4* 


aS^- 


,>^l>>y  7": 


F/^'H^BIIinTI  112 


-^ 


KKFENCKS  OF  NOlU  MUKCIA. 


4'J 


Thevet'H  /««/*  (Morcntor'N  of  15C9)  has  Capo  Breton  where  in  his  text 
is  given  Saiiict  Junii ;  so  tliat  in  t\m  —  the  association  of  the  pair  of 
na,ne8  —  Thovet  and  Allcfonsce  n<,'rce. 

Tlievet  (liHtinguinhi'd  in  his  text,  as  AUefonsce  did,  between  the  more 
yinrtliirn  Cape  Breton  (assoi^iatinj:  with  it  Isle  Oiseaux,  Isle  Brion,  Isle  St. 
.lean,  etc.),  at  the  mouth  of  the  rivtr  of  Canada  (the  St.  Lawrenp«>)  in 
45°-48'',  and  the  southern  Capo  Breton  in  the  forty- third  degree,  having 
also  the  name  Sainot  Joan  (St.  Johan).  This  Cape  Breton  in  the  forty- 
third    degree,  called  also  St.  Johan,  was  — 

THE    LOST    ISLAND    OF    ST.    JOHN,  of  John  Cabot  on  Lok's 

Map,  L082.' 

I  have  prepared  anothtr  group  of  maps  designed  to  present  the 
equivalent  names  on  ciioh  of  the  points  between  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Cod, 
and  to  some  extent  farther  north  and  .«outli.  The  sheet  includes  Cosa, 
Maiollo's  Vorra/ano,  Riboro,  Huth,  Agiieso,  Vallard,  Wytlliet,  Sebastian 
Cabot  (1544),  (lastaldi,  Champlain  (lO.'i'Ji.  and  John  Smith  (1614).  The 
reader  will  remark  the  invariable  order  of  succession  of  the  names. 

On  Com'g  Map. 
Cavo  (ic  Yiitrla  terra  and  Cava  .S  .Ii'liaii  (C'a|)o  Ann). 

11a  do  la  Triniilad  (Claiulia  and  IJukcr's  Islaiul).  and  apainst  tliom  Salem  Ilarlior. 
C.  ac  liizart'.'.     (Nahaiit :  was  it  Li'zorif  fn.m  its  sIiuik'  ?) 
Rocks  uikI  I.slaiuls  at  the  mouth  of  tlic  Charles, 
(i'ort  aux  Isles  of  Champlain  ;  Coh:.8s.l  of  Ltscail)ot,  Champlain,  Winthrop,  and 

Coast  .^urvcy.) 
Flag  at  the  Ciurnct. 

Two  Islands  at  the  end  of  Capo  Co.l.  — one  behind  Provincetown ;  the  other  opi'O 
site;  hoth  now  continuous  with  the  niiiiulin.l. 

I'ortu-uoso  for  tho  oriu'iiuil  nixm^  "(  Rrit.in  (Kn--  Aiisrlo]  Un.I).    Tlii^*  Briton  (Rritonum  of  Ptolcmv 
with  U.M  li.U-r  «,lve..t  or  reooi,M.il inn  of  Ih.-   prcsonro  of  the  liroton-Froiu-h  in  this  l.ititw.lo,  hcoiun.' 
IlivU.t..  T.Tra  lo8  Hretones,  an.l  Terra  dua  Bn'toties,  b.-sirlos  takinc:  on  uthor  forms.     Ilakhiyt  si^-aks 
.,f  iho'  fn.-i  of  Si.  Matoe  of  Brytaint  (Breton).     This  is  made  rliiui  ou  looking  at  the  scries  ot>naps 

on  pace  I'l. 

I  S«e  I'n.fossor  (Janong.  Cartography  of  C.ulf  of  St    I,a«r.f,.(..  .■(.•      S.r.  II.  ISSii.     \\  45. 


w 


'  n 


1^ 


r    I 


;;!. 


r' 


•ji.) 


DKFKNl  i;s  OK   XOlil  MUK(;A 


On  M:ii:'ll'>i  I'l  rniziino. 

Cii\n.'    nii'tuii  (Cii|H'  Ami),   rarutliso,   IJoliiLricp,  luul   Flora,  Sinilriim   rurintoriuz 

(Sak'iii  mill    Mailililiiiul  .'). 
Anniiilt'iiu'  {^t'liai'lr.s    Uiwr  ainl   mouth,  Ilostoii   iiiiicr    liaiUii, —  ISack   IJay   un<l 

lliioilt'il  iiiai'sli). 
Isthmus  (Nock  at  IJariHtaiilf)- 
Terra  Florida  ((\i|ic  Coil  i 

On  l{ilicrii'». 

Terra  Ics  HretoiU's  (f'npr  Auii)- 

ArecitVi'  (Naliuut  i. 

Aicliipelaiiii  ol  (J.^nie/  ( llostoii  outer  liailior). 

('.  il.  Muilias  Islas  (Colia.-i.srt). 

('  li.  Arenas  (('a|ie  ("ml ). 


On  A 


llhK-'  .<. 


Terra  tie  Ids  liritoiii  >  (('ape  Ann). 

T'  rra  elie  Pescohriip,  Stevan  (>ome/  (New  France). 

('.  il.  Miii'has  Islas  ( ("oliassel  ). 

(".  St.  Maria  ((.'ape  Cod). 


On   \',Uar,i\ 


C.  i'reton  (('api'  .\un  ). 
U.  lie  fianias  ((ionnv.  Cliarlcs). 
Cape  lie  Ic  Croix  ( .\anta.sket ). 
Southern  Cape  de  Croix  (The  (lurmti 
C.  fie  Arena  (^Cape  Cod  ). 


Oh   W'/ffi;,t'». 


Kiu  (Irande  (Charlies). 
C.  de  las  Islaa  (Cohassel 


(hi  X/,.,..ti,in  L'.ih.,r»  (ViW). 
I'rinia  visa  i  .\It.  Aiiani.  iili.u>  ). 
Prima  tierra  vi>ta  (C;ipi.  Ann). 
C.  de  Muelias  Is   (mouth  of  Charli's). — Cohasset. 
Haya  de  >    .\I:iria  (Dost.in  Ilarhoi). 


^ 


u 


ih 


>. 


•'iy^« 


5<< 


y"^ 


J!^\^ 


'^<) 


^. 


y 


s 


>-' 


w 


$r 


c>* 


~>v,n'^ 


V. 


'^ 


jL 


[■ 


•wg 


m 


•  /f^o/V  ^,  „ 


«v«^» 


^-vw-vi"^^ 


'f. 


"'X 


Z 


> 
r. 

6 


r 


J 


^? 


X 


V 


M  4/ 


^'. 


'  r*  J" 


'  / 


00 

O 


•43 

<a 
E- 

-3 


6C 


■•4 


^^^.-^ 


/ 

/ 


PT-~lf7=^ 


=i 


.9*        - 


f7 


^. 


•nXr^ 


X 

o 


r 


\ 


3 


if  (tm.  i 


^      -^r  c    ['I'-f^'Tl^. .: ■ '  K^^ f  A  •■  li^.^^j 


V^i 


■•-^^ 


/./ 


.  ) 


UKKKNCKS  OF   NOKl'MllKi.A. 


51 


On  GaKtahU'i. 

C.  Rrcton  (Cape  Ann  and  Isle  St.  Joliii). 

Salom  Neck  anil  Harbor,  MarMcliead,  and  Hakcr's  Island.     See  "  t lie  letter  M" 
•  Landfall  of  John  Cabot  and  Site  of  Xorianbcga." 

On  Chiniij>l<iin»  (ItiHi). 

Cap  dos  Isles  (Cape  Ann). 

Ileauport  (C.loucester).     See  map  of  lt''12  and  relation. 

Clionacoet  (Cohasset).     Champlain  was  couiused  with  two  Chouaeoets.  — uiie  at 
the  month  of  the  Saco;  the  other  at   the  moiitii  of  the  Charles. 
Rio  dii  <!as,  the  duplicate  Charles. 
Tort  au.\  Isles  (entrance  V>  Boston  Harbor). 
Tort  St.  Louis  (1  My  mouth). 
Cap  Ulanc  (Cape  Cod). 

On  Jnlni  Smith's  (lfi14). 

Cap  Trajrahisizanda ;  also  called  Cape  Anna  (Capo  Ann). 
Hristow  (SaU'in). 
Cary  Isles  (Cohassct). 
Point  (Jeorire  (^The  < iurnot). 
Cape  .lames  (^Cai)C  Cod). 

I  have  placed  on  a  separate  sheet  the  various  names  that  have  been 
lonferred  on  — 

Till.    RiVKK    ClI.\KI.F.S. 

On  Uuvsch,  l.')OT,  —  Rio  (Jrado  (  Rio  (irande,  Charles). 

On  Maiollo-s  Verra/a.m.  1,^-1--JT.  -  An-uilemc  (French)  =  Mishaum  (I.idian). 

Peter  Martyr,  l."):U  (i<enox  Lilirary)  ;  Rio  Stevan  Conus. 

AUefonsce,  l.')4J,  —  \orond)ergue. 

Thevet,  laAti,  —  NorombcL'uc.     See  relation  and  maps  •  u  oihcr  sheets. 

Dcscelicra',  ir)4t!.       AnorohaL'ra  or-^fi«. 

P'rinrp,  l')40.  —  Rio  de  Camas. 

William  de  Teste.— AnoraL'iia. 

Mercator,  l.')t'>".».  —  Rio  (irande. 


^[ 


52 


DKKENCES  OF  NORUMUKGA. 


Wytflict,  l')07.  — R.  Grande. 

John  Pec,  1  r)80,  —  R.  de  (Jnmns. 

.lolui  Dee,  l.")80,  —  with  added  names,  R.  dc  Oamaa. 

Solis.  liV.'*<,  R.  (trande. 

Molineaiix  (Jlohe,  \i>92, —  Rio  (Jrandc. 

Merriiun,  —  Ri.  de  (nnuez. 

Champlain,  liilJ,  —  River  witli  settlement  and  flarhor  aj:!;ainst  Chouacoct 
CCohasset).  Also,  farther  south,  a  diiplicato  culled  R.  du  Gas,  with  lake  at  the  end, 
and  the  name  Vrocois.     In  the  text  R.  (Juast.     In  I)e  Laet,  R.  du  Gas. 

Winthrop,  1034,  —  Charles. 

Let  us  now  turn  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  between  the  two  gre.i* 
capes.  —  Ciipe  Breton  =  St.  Johan  (Cape  Ann),  and  Cape  de  Arenes 
(Capo    Cod). 

Thevet    .-^ays :  — 

'•As  for  the  Hay  .<aintc  Marie  [Boston  FTarhor],  and  tlio  capes  which  on 
the  sea-charts  are  marked  '  .'<t.  Jean,  dmitile'  [two  salients?  —  our  Cape  Aim 
has  two  salients],  and  the  Cape  of  the  .Sinils=:('!i|i,>  de  Arenes  [Carcnas,  Cape 
Cod],  .  .  .  they  are  in  thrc  luindred  and  seven  deirrees  longitude  and  thirty- 
eiL'lit  dcLMcrs  of  latitude;'  .  .  .  they  are  thirty-live  leairues  apart.  .  .  .  Sailinsj 
out  of  said  river,  and  steerini:  towards  .'^pain  or  France,  you  leave  the  Cape 
of  the  Isles  [CiihasseiJ,  wliicli  you  see  some  ei^rht  leairues  out  into  the  sea;  then 
il  a  rounh  sea  or  storm  should  oviwlake  you,  you  can  anchor  in  the  river  of 
\oronil)ei,nie   in  .  .  .  42     14'   latitude." 

FOKTY-TWO    DkcREKS    FoI'HTKKN    MlvrTKS,  —  THE    Latitl'de    of 
THE  Morxii  OK  Noi;rMHE(;.v  Kivek! 

Consider  for  a  moment  what  this  means. 

On  a  north  and  .south  coast,  all  that  is  necessary  to  determine  the  site  or 
locality  is  its  latitude. 

'  Possil.ly  il  l.lmi.L'r  in  rnpyinif.  whirl,  i.  l,nwpv,.r  oornvtod  ,n  the  next  sentcnon  by  tli- 
mention  of  the  ob.wrve.1  latitii.l-  of  N„,t.-k<k,-l   Hoa.ls,-th(^  inoutli  of  the   Charlaq,— 42'  11"      It 

in.iy  h.ive  h.on  th.it  Thrvt  wn.  tl,i„ki,iu'  -f  tl xtonHion  of  tl„.  ,a„,Iy  shores  .^outhwnrd.     It  may 

h.-iv.-  1.....,,  that  f..i   the  iiiom.iu  he  nxM,;l  the  Chesapeake  Hay,  -  also  bearing,  Hke   Boston   Mar- 


DKFKXCES  OF   XOlUMItKOA. 


63 


Let  U8  turn  again  to  tho  forty-thinl  dcgroo.  What  river  is  this  whose 
mouth  oH'ers  u  road  to  shelU"-  a  vessel  prematurely  sailing  eastward 
to  seaV  In  4'J  14'  are  the  Nantasket  Kuads !  The  precise  latitude 
according  to  the  Coast  Survey  is  42  IH'.  On  the  next  page  of  Thevet 
the  Inxjuois  name  for  Nantasket  [Aiii//mcoii,  —  the  human  arm)'  is  'nvcn, 
and  the  region  descril)ed.  It  is  the  mouth  of  the  Charles,  on  which 
river   Watertown    is   situated. 

Again,   Thevet   says:  — 

"  Having  left  Florida  [that  is,  Capo  Cod,  the  Florida  of  Vcrrazano]  on  the 
left  liaiv!,  with  all  its  islands,  jruifs,  and  ca|HS,  a  river  presents  itself  whidi 
is  ont  of  the  lincst  rivers  in  the  world,  wliich  we  eall  Xorumljeiza,  and  the 
Al)orii?uies  A^gtuieia,  and  wiiicli  is  niarivud  on  some  cliarts  as  the  (irand  lliver.* 
Several  other  heautifiil  rivers  enter  into  it,  and  upon  its  hani<s  tho  French  for- 
nii'ily  erected  a  little  fort,  about  ttjii  or  twelve  leat'ins  from  its  mouth,  which  was 
stu'roinided  by  fresh  water;  ami  this  place  was  niuiird  the  Fort  of  Noruinbeu'ue. 
Some  pilots  would  make  nie  believe,  that  this  Xorouilicjuien  country  is  the  pro])pr 
country  of  Canada;  lint  1  told  thc..<  this  was  far  tVuni  truth,  since  this  conntrv 
lies  in  the  forty-third  deforce  N.,  and  that  of  Canaila  in  hfty  or  lifty-lwo  dejrrees. 

"  ISi'fore  you  enter  the  ^aid  river,  appears  an  island  surrounded  by  eidit 
small  islets  [see  lluth's  map  among  the  charts  of  the  forty-third  decree  —  Kohl], 
which  are  near  the  country  of  the  (Ireen  MouiUains  [our  Ulue  Hills]  and  to 
the  Cape  of  the  Islets  [Cohassct].  Hence  you  sail  along  into  the  mouth  of 
tho  river,  which  is  dangerous  from  the  great  ninnl)er  of  thick  and  high  rocks 
[Miiiofs  licdge  and  others],  ami  its  c^itrance  is  wonderfully  large.''  About  three 
leagues  into  the  river  an  island  jircsents  itself  to  you  tluit  may  have  four  leagues 

Ixir,  till)  iianii^  .St.  Mario.  Siimly  Hook  vin^  also  called  Capo  do  .\ronas  fCai*  of  the  Sands).  It 
may  have  been  confusion  in  his  rocoUeclions.  The  cosmography  wa.s  apparently  wriUen  many 
years  after  he  was  on  our  coast. 

'  See  Do  Lact,  lf!:n. 

'  Tho  name  on  Uiiysch'n  map  is  K.  Orudo,  the  linfjual  Cipiivalont  >f  Rio  Grande  on  .Morca- 
tor  s  anil  many  other  maps  in  tho  country  (liscmon  d  by  tho  Poiluf^tioso  (Cortoroilv  as  inoiitionol 
by  .Mlefon.sco.  Tho  strikinjjly  accurate  outline  of  coast  from  ('a|M'  .\nn  to  th'-  !!'•  .ith  of  N'arraL^an.sett 
Haibor,  givoM  aa  a  part  of  .\si:i,  was  in  kopping  with  the  pcoj^rrapliy  of  tho  times 

'  I  visited  Coha.sset  and  Situate  Ueach,  and  had  uo  dilliculty  in  v.Tifying  llio  truth  of  Thovet's 
oli.servations. 


I  ■         i 


h. 


I     .I'llp 


}•} 


DKKKNCKS  OK   NOKIM.BKC A. 


ill  circumfcrenro,  inhabited  only  by  some  fiMlicrmcii  and  liirds  of  dilTorcnt  sortB, 
whii-li  tiny  call  Aiiiyiiscoii  [NaniitiiHkct  ::^  Naut;iskc'f]  '  bfcaimo  it  has  tlic  form  ot 
a  man's  unii,  whioh  tlu'v  call  so.     ItH  greatest  length  is  from  North  to  South." 

It  needs  no  apolou'V  for  dwelling  on  this  peculiar  promontory,  pre- 
served by  Thevet  and  Chainplain.  This  salient,  like  a  bent  human  arm, 
appears  on  ClutiiipUiins  map  (1012)  near  Chouacoet,  as  well  as  on  Winlhropn 
map  (U)31)  near  and  within  Coneyha.sset,  and  t)n  WooiVx  anil  the  Coast 
6'iinr>/  near  Cohas.xet,  b"sides  in  T/tcnt's  text,  ai'ul  on  my  tracing  from 
local  maps  of  the  '•  river  flowing  through  a  lake  to  the  sea."  Chouiu^oet 
appears  on  Lisrarlxif'n  map  of  IGOU,  but  Nantasket  is  not  defined.  But 
besides  the  arm,  and  the  cape  Cuhimet,  there  is  the  indication  of  the 
archipelago  as  Cape  of  Many  Islands,  Cap  de  Liigus  Islas,  C.  de  Muchas 
Isla.s,  and  the  river  and  settlement  on  the  Charles. 

Altogether  are  there  not  here  too  many  elements  of  coincidence  to 
permit  any  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  the  ancient  river  Norunibega  with 
the  Charles? 

Let  us  pass  on  to  explain  the  confusion  in  Charaplain'a  ma,  i,  cleared 
up  by  hi.s  text. 

There  is  AxoraER  Naxtasket  Axn  also  another  Cohasset  described 

AXD   FKiUKEI)    BY    ClIAMPLAIN. 

At  the  mouth  of  the  Saco.  just  south  of  Cape  Elizabeth,  there  is 
an  Elbow,  ami  also  a  chain  of  rocks  (an  Algoniiuin  Chouacoit),  —  corre- 
sponding in  .so  far  with  our  Ninita.sket  (the  bent  arm,  —  the  Aiayascon 
of  Thevet)  and  our  chain  of  rocks,  still  called  Cohasset  Kocks.  The 
name  Ciiouacoet  is  given  on  Champlain's  smaller  map  of  the  region 
of  the  Saco  and  Cape  Eli/abetli.  as  recognized  by  Dr.  Shifter,  and  is 
given  as  upplitd  to  the  river  in  Champlain's  text,  although  it  does  not 
appear  on   the  large   maps  of    llil'i,   1013,  or   1032 

'  N.iiilucki't  is  sotnetiincs  written  on  early  mapH  Nanatucket  Sa  by  itoelf  means  "divide." 
S'ltta,  Saua,  Trumbull  su^'ffe.st.s,  nicaii.i  "  Uith  sides."  a.s  of  a  rivi-r  or  of  a  strait,  —  land  divided 
by  w.iter  ;    a  feature  of  the  south  slicirr.  of  jiarallel  inlets  now  closed  by  suid  banks. 


DKKENCES  OF  NORL'MBErJA. 


65 


1  insert  the  map  of  Snco  Bay,  with  the  arm  and  the  chain  of 
rocks,  with  its  long  housen  and  stockade  enclosure.*  The  "  Capo  of 
the  Isles "  of  Champluin  (our  Capo  Ann)  is  between  the  two  Choua- 
coet8.     Between  that  of  Saco  Bay  and  that  ut  the  mouth  of  the  Charles 


.J   <1   1  ^.ol  ^   t^ 
it 


FROM    "  VOYAOE-l   OF   Til AMPI.AIX,"   EIlITKn    IIY    HI!.    SI.AKTKR. 

River  there  is  Imt  onr  ca/x:  and  that  is  near  the  Beauport  of  Champlain, 
which  Dr.  Slafter  reco;rnizes  as  Oloucoster.  Champlain,  confused  in  his 
memory    because   of    the   two   Ohonacoets,    placed   on    his    map    of    1032 

'  They  are  such  in  form  and  purpose  as  Tliorfiiin  set  up  in  Vinelund  in  1007  to  protect  Gudrid 
and  her  child  Snorre  during  the  absence  of  the  husband  and  father  at  Straumfjord,  as  mentioned 
in  thi-  8:i(;a3 


ti 


i 


t    I 


!■• 


wtm 


5Ci 


PKFKXC  KS  OK   NOKIMUKCA. 


i. 


.  i 

'  ! 


(twenty-eight  years  after  his  first  cyplonitioii)  the  Cape  des  Isles  (Capo 
Ann)  and  lleaiiport  (Clouoester),  l.oih  of  them  mUh  of  the  Charlea. 
This  hrin.L's  them  nearer  to  Port  St.  Ixmis  ( I'lvinoutii).  leaving  the  coin- 
pressi'il  eontour  of  Cape  Ann  witliout  the  name  Cajt  >Ick  /s/*.s.  which 
i.'O  l;as  given  in  liis  text.  But  altiiongh  he  fails  to  give  any  name 
to  this  cape  (Ca))e  Ann)  on  iiis  maps,  he  gives  on  the  map  of  1012 
the  indentations  eorrespondiiig  to  Aniiis(piam  harbor  on  the  north,  and 
(iloueester  (liis  Heani)ort  of  the  text)  on  the  south,  of  the  cape;  also 
the  duplicated  river  Cliarles,  —  the  iiorllu'rly  one,  with  the  archipelago 
and  Nantasket  at  its  mouth,  and  the  cluster  of  eiil)ins  on  its  left  hank  ; 
and  the  southerly  on.',  issuing  from  a  lake  having  several  settlements  ami 
the  niinie  IV/cz/.v  on  its  l)iinks. 

The  explanation  of  Champlain's  confusion  is  simple  and  ol)vions. 
There  were  then,  as  there  are  now.  two  sets  of  localities,  —  each  havinj? 
two  striking  features;  each  included  a  Nantasket  and  a  Chouacoct, — 
an  arm  and  a  cluster  of  rocks.  One  .set  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saco, 
nort/i  of  Cape  Ann;  the  otlier  was  at  the  moutli  of  the  (Miailos,  soii/h  of 
Cape  Ann.  Champlain  jx-rsonally  visited  only  the  northern  one.  To  see 
tills  clearlv.  one  must  look  first  at  the  coast  outline  on  any  detailed 
modern  inij)  Ironi  Cape  Cod  to  Portland;  then  at  the  maps  of  Chain- 
pl;iin  of  li'i  lU,  ItJl.;.  and   IG'i-.  and  at  the  smaller  one  of  Chouacoet.' 

1  ••l'o)i;i<«et"  is  :iii  ;ilitiri'\  i.itioii.  Tlio  .Mi.'iiicniin  word  as  a  wlmle  i.s  Quimno-linfsun  ft.  The 
Q'l^zK  ill  Kennebec,  fur  wliicli  wo  have  f  V,  in  ('li"ii.u'"it.  ;iiul  fin  CiMinooticnt  (Tniinlnill)  Qwinun 
ni'aiis  Moinj;"  huffin  mc.iiis  ".stone;  "  fl  ine,in<  "at  "  or  "  near.'  Winllirop  givis  nii  nlilircviatetl 
furni,  «i:tii;,'  tiie  niinie  :i.s  he  IhmhI  it,  -  Cmeyiiasset.  What  (iKiinj'laiii  hc.inl  —  Chouacnet,  or 
C'h'>nainit — wxs  very  nearly  wliat  we  write,  —  ('cili;i.sset.  It  i.t,  as  we  .see,  lil<o  most  alioriginal 
iiani-s,  ile.scriiitive  It  apjiliecl  to  tlje  chain  of  ro,ks  near  Uiclim'Uul.  sniitli  of  Capo  Klizalietli.  It 
ai'l'li'il  witli  in..r(,'  fon'e  to  tlie  soattereil  n«  ky  i-lets  near  tiie  eoa-t  U>  the  soiitlie.islwunl  of  the 
entrance  to  15i.ftun  IIarl>or.  Tliu  name  inijiil  he  liMiki'il  for  wlierevcr  tlie  natural  features  of 
rocks  li.-iiiij;  from  water  weru  nearly  tho  same  as  at  eitlier  Cliouacoct.  Cliainplain  upplie.s  it  to 
the  riv<'r  .'^aco. 

This  particnl.irity  ami  repetition  are  nec<le(l.  ami  will  fiml  tlieir  justification  in  view  of  the  chipli- 
c.ition  and  couln^ion  of  (  haniplain's  inai>3.  The  same  cxtenuati'u  may  he  urced  for  olli<r  and 
m.iltiplied  repetitions,  iis  of  latitudes,  and  ''.vsential  points  in  varied  connections.  Tho  refielitions 
I..1VC  ei;:ilil-d   ine  to  oiiiit  lung  and  much  lc>3  sati-f.i.''  >!y  text. 


DEFENCK8  OF  NOULAlUJiGA. 


57 


Cape  Buetov  and  St.  Johav,  —  ouu  Cape  Ann. 

Let  us  glance  at  tlio  history  of  our  Cape  Ann,  —  the  earlier  Capt- 
Breton,  and  St.  Jolian,  —  that  lies  between  tlio  two  CohassetH. 

Its  present  name  was  given  it  by  Prince  Charles,  in  honor  of  the 
Queen  his  moliier  (Anne),  —  as  ho  also  gave,  or  recognized  as  having 
been  given,  the  name  Biistow  (Salem)  to  the  point  to  which  John  Ca'oot 
came  in  1197,  lat.  of  42^  31'  I'J".*  Bristow  appears  at  the  same  point 
on  Montana's  map  and  He  Laet's,  as  well  as  on  numerous  French,  and 
on  other  German  and  Hutch  maps. 

John  Smith  had  earlier  given  to  Cape  Ann  the  name  Tragabigzanda, 
in  memory  of  a  friend  during  his  captivity  in  Turkey.''  Before  John 
Sn)ith's  time,  the  cape  had  long  been  called,  especially  by  the  early 
French,  Cape  Breton ;  and  the  region  about  was  called  the  "  F^and  of 
the  Bretons"  (Terra  los  Breton es),  and  also  "Muchas  gentes,"  —  a  hint  of 
nignificance,  as  will  later  become  apparent.     The  French  were  here  from 

'  liiistol,  in  its  vicissitudes  as  a  fjeo^fiaiiliiiMl  name,  iM'caiiin  Biistow,  Visto,  and  Hriso.  Briso, 
re'^ardiil  as  Fruncli,  became  Brisa,  and  was  applied  to  very  siiki'I  nicjjy  islets,  wliioli  Anglieizid 
liecainn  "  breaki'is ; "  iirid  "breakfis"  at  la<t  Rpplied  t<)  a  laijicr  ono  of  tlio  islands  became 
baker's.  —  tlio  present  name,  of  tlio  oriijinal  Claudia,  wliicli  dlTered  an  aiuli(ira);e  and  sliellir 
to  Wintlirop  111  llJ.JO,  as  well  as  —  accepting  tlio  evidence  of  Cosa's  map  —  to  .Julin  (abut  in  14SJ7, 
and  jiossiblv  to  earlier  explorers  and  missionaries. 

It  was  customary  for  discoverers  to  nWa  the  narao  r.f  the  port  from  wliicli  they  sot  out  to 
that  of  their  first  landing-  John  Cabot  sailed  from  Bristol,  or  Bristow,  Kngland.  The  latter 
name  is  on  numerous  maps,  at  or  near  the  site  of  Salem.  Verrazano  (jave  the  name  of  Dieppe, 
the  ix)rt  of  his  departure,  to  his  Landfall  on  Cape  Cod,  which  lie  supjuised  to  be  Kloriila,  on 
which  he  had  intended  to  strike,  and  called  it  Terra  Florida.  Had  he  landed  on  the  coast  ne.ir 
the  site  of  .St.  .Viijjiistine,  we  .should  probably  h.ivo  liad  a  Dieppe  at  the  South.  Numerous 
towns  in  New  Kiiglanil  bear  the  names  of  the  towns  in  old  Kngland  from  which  the  original 
settlers  came. 

The  name  .lohan.  it  has  been  suggested,  besides  being  given  to  the  island  bec.iuse  John  Cabot 
eamo  upon  the  (irst  sight  of  land  on  the  iUh  of  .Iiine,  his  birthday,  -  his  Saint  .lohn's  day,  -  was 
.dso  given  to  the  Blue  Hills  of  Milton,  the  ••  .Montes  Johaimis,"  a  great  landmark  for  mariners 
today. 

'  See  the  table  of  names  liy  which  Ch.irles  Uiver  has  been  known,  pages  48  and  51 


H 


■Wi»- 


5ti 


DKFKNCKS  OF   NOlMMIiKCA. 


I  , 


Honu'  time  in  the  liftciMith  c«'ntiiry'  Tin-  iiiim.-,  ii.s  wo  have  already  «ccn, 
runs  iKuk  to  tlio  roitiiguow  name  of  Kngliind,  Vtii/k  Tnm.  (Seo  CowiV 
niaj),  i)iigi«    lii-l  I. 

Lof.vL  Mai-  of  Cai'k  Anv. 

1  Intrnduci'  a  frairtnont  of  tli.'  Coast  Survey  —  tlio  looal  rliart  (if  filoiiccs- 

tor  Ilarlior to  sliow,  in  this  connection,  one  or  two  otlicr  points  tliat  con- 

mrt   tli.MHsc'lvfs  with  the  oh:-frvaiions  of  Vcrra/ano  iind  (loinoz. 

On  llu'  local  inaii  oT  C.iiic  Ann  we  liavc  Ncn-nian's  Wof  Rock  and  Nor 
manV  (.'ovc  palpalily  pointin,!.'  to  the  Northmen  ami  to  the  luinio  {N)i>r- 
.tii/>r,f,i  near  ("ape  Hivton  on  .I.Toin.'  \'crra/ano's  tiiap,  l-VJT."  These  are 
ii^sociated  wilii  tlie  canal  St.  .Inlian  (St.  .lohan)  of  donie/,''  (confounded 
ill  eiiijicr  tiiiif^  witli  the  Ciut  of  Caiiso),*  leadinir  thmiiiih  to  Squain  River 
and  Aniii-S.iuam  Hnrt.or.  niakiiij,' the  island  of  St.  . lohan  of  Cabot,  ."o  long 
confounded  with  tiie  i-land  of  Cape  Uretoii  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Liw- 
iLMicv      !See  CiMstaldi'^:  and  uiauy  others  of  the  maps  herewith  submitted.) 

It  will  lie  M'en  that   (llouec^tcr   Marlior  is  the   Heauport  of  Chainplain.  as 
w'll  as  the  S!.  John's  ot'.Inhn  l!iit '' .iiid  the  (N)oranliega  of  Verrazano. 

1  ii„| i,  li,,.  I'l-.Mu'h  wore  in  tin-  lia.-.in  df  tli"  C'li.ii l.'i  when  .Ihu  Siuitli  c;iiiic  (l<')14),  ami  later 

(]•'.. ;ii)  «liiMi  Wihilir.-,.  ;iriiMMl  >.■,•  tli.-  (Jii.'..t,  l:,-ci'iif.s  l.-tttT  t-)  tli"  Fii'iicli  iniiiLsUir  at  tlie 
SiKiM'.sh  OMirt.   (;;ilT,iivr.<  ••  l,if.>  (.(  Tli.'Vft.  '  !■    -V''.'    c.liM.n,  ,.f  IsTS.  I'mis 

'  I  hiive  foiiiid  trri'-s  <>f  families  b.-ariiii;  tln'  iiaiin'  .\..riii:iii  un.l  Nimiaii  (a  WainianoaR)  in  tlw 
liistory  nf   F.a<lerii  .Ma<-a.'liu^i'tl.i. 

•  This  .liseov.rv  I'V  (i.mez  near  tin-  aiTln|.eIai;n  l.earini;  liit  name.  wli.Te  he  pa-ssed  much  timo 
seUiiit;  to  till  I  the  -trait  to  tho  WesU'rii  Drean.  is  inesi-rveil  in  iiiBmi<eri|i  on'//.  aceordiiiR  to 
Harris^..      U  is  e;v<y  to  -e,.   h,nv.   in   inii-rfeel  cliin.u'rapliy,  J^'han  inii;lit  lie  rea<l  Juliiin.     We  h.ive 

se.Mi  on  lioll.'ro's  map.  I.V.|  r ).  tl Canal  .'f  S!   .Inan  "  (y.ii:-  ••!!»),  oivninj;  i»'"  S(iuam  Uiver  from 

tlw  8iuth.  This  . limn. I.  witli  the  hanks  .-f  excavilion,  i.s  still  won.hifully  distinct  and  8trai,:ht, 
a-  -howii  on  th-  1  ■••al  map.;  and  tliMi.-h  it.  h  i^k  and  forth,  tlie  tide  il.-iily  sweeps  U)  sea.  a.s  it 
hi'  for  many  cenlnn.'s  Soiitha*-  iiotircd  and  fiu'iiri'd  it  •■  irly  in  llie  ei^diteonth  century  The 
transfer  of  this  ca-ial  and  of  the  Ta]^  I'-.-Iom  fMindl  to  the  month  "f  the  St.  Lawrence  I 
poinl.'d  out   i;i   niy  e.nli.r  paper   d-i^.')  nn  tli"   ••  l-amlfall  of  Caliot   in   1107" 

'  Cimso  :    s]ielled  al-0   i;,nf,;iu  and  Cmmrnu  M'hamplain),  and  otherwisfl.      Oiruo  soems  a  c.a«i>i 
of  s:ni|ih>   ni"tatliesi:(  from  Cawxis,  a   plnril  fo'tn  in  >ise   (or   the  Indian  word  rann.     f-'ul   posBihly 
is  from  '7'/-;.  a  tron:;h  or.  relatively,  a  ch.inm-l  with  pjirallel  sid^s 
''  S.^"  •'  Ilisoov'^'v    if   A!n."ir.»  hv  lie'  Northmen  " 


■    II  I  ■■III  ^j^g-—~-^~.,^     -       ^    ■-  ---.^       -T".  ' 


/\ 


/\  A.  A. 


•     s 


*      !    ! 


•I 


^ 


GLOUCESTER  H 


MASSACHUSETTS 


DKKKNCES  OK   XOKIMBKOA. 


69 


The  Mouth   of  Charles  River  Variously  Indicated. 

We  have,  as  may  be  seen,  on  the  whole  series  of  maps  of  the  different 
sheets,  names  which  associate  the  mouth  of  the  Charles  with  a  cliistL-r  of 
islands,  —  sometimt'S  at  the  entrancse  to  its  mouth,  to  which  Champlain  gave 
the  name  Port  aux  Isles,  and  sometimes  within  it,  as  the  archipelago  ol 
Uomez.  Then  follow  virtual  equivalents,  —  as  Cape  de  Lagus  Islas,  Cape 
do  las  Islas,  Cape  de  Muchas  Islas;  and  then  sketches  indicating  the  islands 
at  tiie  entrance  to  the  bay  and  within  it;  then  equivalent  names  of  the 
river.  The  occurrence  of  islands  at  the  mouth  is  mentioned  by  Thorfinn 
in  his  Saga  describing  the  approach  to  Viueland,  — "  T^fore  the  mouth  of 
the  river  are  great  Islands."  That,  and  "the  small  landlocked  bay,  salt  at 
flood-tide  and  fresh  at  ebb,"  —  the  Hop  (the  Boston  Back  Bay),— and  the 
"  river  flowing  from  the  land  through  a  lake  to  the  sea,"  in  the  Vinelaiid 
Sagas,  were  the  chief  guides  to  Leifs  houses.     (See  maps,  pages  51-52.) 

Plymouth  IIakbor 

Many  of  these  charts,'  it  will  be  observed,  hold  the  Bay  of  St.  Chris- 
topher (Plymouth  Ilarbor),^  San  Antonio  Bay  and  River  (Jones  River),  the 
Blue  Hills  of  Milton  (Montana  verde  ;  also  Monto:  Johannis),  Terra  Nova, 
the  "New  founde  lande,"  of  Henry  Vll.  (see  second  patent  to  John 
Cabot),'  one  or  more  of   them  in  various  languages.     They  are  all   in  or 

1  Some  of  the  inapa  am  inexpressibly  iiinqiin  and  valuaWe,  the  solo  copies  1  hrive  seen.  All  are 
photograpliic  copies.  They  are  from  various  sources,  i.iohuliug  tlio  collections  of  Mr.  lirevoort,  Gen- 
eral Harlow,  Rev.  Dr.  De  Co.sta,  Jon.ar.l,  Kuustn.ann,  Drake,  Winsor's  America,  an,l  of  various  p.iWic 
an.l  private  lil.raries  at  lio„,o  an.l  abroad, -to  whicl.  I  Lave  ad.le,!  somewhat  (ron>  the  works  of 
tlio  engineer  an.l  .IranKhtsn.a.,,  Mr.  (ieorso  Davis,  of  the  Water  Works  of  the  city  of  (^unbrulge. 

■'  I  have  el80«h.  re  (See  "  Discovery  of  America  by  Northmen  "  )  l-inled  out  that  the  ori^-m  of  the 
„,>me  miKht  be  .-.scribed  to  the  Church,  -  the  Ion,',  narrow  harbor  of  I'lymouth  and  the  ai.ein.te  ns,. 
and  fall  of  Uie  tide  Rui;gestiii(,' the  story  of  Saint  Cliristopher. 

'  The  Henry  VIL  charier  .speaks  of  -New  founde  lande  nn,!  i.<l.,n.!s:-  John  Cal  t,  in  his 
account  of  his  "first  vov.ap'.  mentions  discovering  two  islands  "on  his  ritjhf-  -n  tlie  i.ome  voy- 
age besides  that  of  his  landfall.  The  narrow  straits  and  the  flags  on  Cosa's  n.ap  m.ay  have  been 
intended   t..   indicate   the    island,   of   which   iK.ssesMon   had   1 u  taken.     On    Uotz's  .uap.  against 


\:- 


k : 


^maa 


60 


DKKKNCKS  OF   NOlUMHKCA. 


near   llie   port   of    the   St.    Louis   of   Cliamplain,  —  the   Plymouth   of    the 
Pilgrims  of  1G20. 

Tiikiiii^  the  maps  together,  tliey  show  that  the  Anorobagra  of  Jerome 
Vorraziinn.  tho  Aiiguilomc  of  (.Maiollo's)  Vorrazauo,  the  Norornl)i'gue  of 
Thovol  and  tho  N'orombeigiu-  of  Allofonsce.  the  Mishauui  of  the  Imhaiis. 
the  llio  tin  Gas  and  its  (hiplicate  of  Cliaiiiijlain.  the  Mess-adchu-sett  of  Uusles 
(Massachusetts^,  ami  the  Charles  of  John  Smith  are  all  one  and  the  same, 
and  in  the  forty-third  degree, — between  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Cod. 


Cape  BnETO.v  the  Cavo  de  Yngla  Teri{\  ok  Cosa,  and  tde 
Cape  Ann  of  Piunce  Chakles. 

In  the  "Geschichte  der  Entdeckung  Amerioa.s,"  1859,  Kunstmann  pointa 
out  this  reiaiion.sliip.  —  to  which  I  drew  attention  five  years  ago,  in  my 
letter  to    the    President   of  the   American    Geographical    Society   on    t 
Landfall  of  John  Cabot  in    1497,  and    on    the    site  of  Norumbega.     Tui.-. 
relationship  was  also  early  recognized  by  Dr.  Shifter. 

Dr.  Shifter  says  of  Cape  Cod,  in  a  note  to  "  Champlain's  Voyages," 
vol.  xi.  p.  79:  •- li  is  mil  (IjincJ  on  Jiuiii  de  la  Cosas  map  of  I5(i'1, 
aUhmiqh  no  name  is  girm  to  it."  One  of  the  two  islands  was  that  on 
whicli  Leif  made  his  Landfall  five  hundred  years  before;  one  was  still 
existing  at  the  time  of  Gosnold.  ltJO'2,  when  he  translated  Baccalaurus' 
and  called  the  end  of  the  promontory  Cape  Cod.  ,See  Hnysch's  map, 
pages   49-.")0.) 

On  this  map  of  Cosa,  to  the  northwest  of  the  cape  or  islands,  is  the 
following    inscription :     "  Mur    Jcsciiliiertu  por    i/n(jlisrs."      It    refers   to    the 

M,iss;iclmsetts    li.iy  (*•>•'    Winsor's    "  Ami'iica")  wi!  Iiaru  "The  Xew/iwIe-Lmih      Quhar  men  q.^iih 
a  jisi-liatii. 

'  5(i<-(M  =  1.  ly  ;  '"1  =  fooil  lia.v.il,...  —  rodlish.  Baoalao—  Biio.\laos,  was  lonij  Mipposed  to  be 
the  n.'vmeof  a  oountiy,  and  is  fiHiiici  with  v.irioiis  siw-lUnu  from  Point  .Iii<iy  (.Iiuiiili!  of  Thpvet)  to  'h^ 
Straits  of  Hvlli-  Me.  It  wa-i  the  name  uf  the  li^h  that  drew  I-jirojM'an  enterprise  to  onr  shores,  — 
called  liai'alaos  in  Spain  and  its  provinces,  Cabeljau  in  tli"  Uiitch  possessions,  and  Kabelyan  i'l 
the  'Ifiiiian.     It  was  th"  rarli'T  stockliih. 


the 

me 
of 
lis. 
iles 
IIP. 


nts 
my 

t 


00, 
on 
till 


the 

the 


)  be 

•111' 


I 


oijicores 


/ 

• 

%^- 

1 

« 

'\V 

^ei'^y^ 

V- 

__. — - 

'r\'^' 

\ 

/ 

\ 

/ 

^ 

/            \^ 

"\ 

r^^?~^ 

:  "^'^  "^         l^r' 

^x/^ 

"^<;, 

N 

-  .—»*'""  ' 

DKKENCKS  OF   NOKU.MBIXJA. 


61 


Massachusetts  Bay,  which  Enfflishmen  had  visited.  Kuntsmann  associates 
it  with  the  inscription  on  Lok's  miip  of  1582,  "J  Gabot,  1407,"  as 
bearing  on  the  Landfall  of  John  Cabot,  which  I  pointed  out,  in  the 
letter  above  referred  to,  as  occurring  not  far  from  Cape  Ann  and  Salem 
Neck.  Icelandic  records  (Stephanius,  1570),  as  already  noted,  refer  to 
this  bit  of  coast  northwest  of  "  Promontorium  Vinlandiao  "  (Cape  Cod),  as 
'■^  where  the  Eiii/liah  hare  come.'"  The  English  and  Venetian  Hags  on  the 
prominences  of  Cosa's  map  unite  the  nationality  of  Cabot  with  that  of 
the  land  of  his  adoption.  (See  Cosa's  map,  pages  43,  44  ;  also  map  in 
'•  Discovery  of  Norombega.") 

If  we  look  at  the  northern  terminus  of  this  part  of  Cosa'a  rnap,  we 
find  C((ro  lie  Yngla  Terra  and  Cava  de  S.  Johaii  of  Cosa  in  place  of 
Cape  Breton  and  St.  Johan  of  Lok.' 

It  was  these  two  —  Cape  Breton  and  St.  Johan  —  that  Allefonsce  found  in 
the  forty-third  degree,  and  which  maintain  their  compauionsliip  on  so 
many  maps. 

These  two,  also,  the  Cape  Breton  and  St.  Johan  of  Lok,  the  Landfall 
of  Cabot,  Cavo  de  Yngla  Terra  and  Cavo  do  S.  Johan  of  Cosa,  Cape 
Sainto  Jean  (Doul)le)  of  Thevet,  the  north  promontory  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  the  Capo  des  lies  of  tiio  to.xt  of  Champlain  and  Cape  Ann  of  Prince 
CLarles,  are  all  clearly  the  .^^ame   in  locality. 

The  name  St.  Johan  in  the  forty-third  degree  is  applied  on  different 
maps  to  a  cape,  an  island,  a  river,  a  canal  (S.  Julian  of  Gomez),  a  range 
of  mountains  and  a  harbor,  and  .seems  properly,  as  we  have  seen,  to  be 
in  the  first  instance  a.scribod  to  John  Cabot,  whose  birthday,  as  already 
noted,— the  24th  of  June,  his  Saint's  day,  — was  the  date  of  his  Landfall 

'  Near  Cavo  de  Yiigla  Torra  ia  C .  lh:>lanatrr,  a  name  (Finis-terre)  given  to  the  extiemo  north- 
west corner  of  France  (Little  Brctagnc).  and  also  to  the  northwest  C.ii)e  of  Spain.  The  name 
"  Fa,stauatre,"  or  "  Fastanaire,"  indicates  tlie  salient  character  of  tlie  »\vA.  The  addilinn  l>y  Thevet 
to  Cape  St.  .lean  of  the  desiRnation  ••  noiil)le."  tluis  recognizing  the  twin  capes,  is  a  fact,  as  already 
noted,  of  sirikins  descriptive  significance.  It  is  ayiin.st  the  •'Three  Turks'  Heads"  of  John  Smitli, 
the  Straiglitsinoulh.   Thatcher's,  and  Milk   Islands  of  modern  nomenclatiae. 


I  ; 


*  = 


"1— '^-SipiMW 


62 


DEFKXCKS  OF   NOlU'Mltl'.C.A. 


in  1 197.  The  Island  St.  Johan  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  became 
later,  and  is  still  known  \>\  the  name  of.  IVince   Kdward's  I.sland. 

The  two  names  cDiipled  by  Allelbnsce.  —  Cape  Breton  and  St. 
Johan,  —  signilicant  becaii.se  of  their  appearing  in  r.viii.s  in  latitudes 
three  degrees  apart,  have  added  to  tiieir  companionshi|)  in  the  forty- 
third  degree  the  Hiver  Charles  and  Carenas  (Cape  Cod),  —  iiv<>  iidiitis 
•illvpcther  wantiiKj  nt  f/ic  wrf/i.  The  added  cartographical  relationship  of 
this  new  couple,  as  we  have  seen,  is  preserved  through  a  long  .series 
of  maps.  Ik'sides  appearing  on  the  maps  given  on  the  sheets  at  page 
14,  there  max  Ix-  mentioiu'd  vaz  Poiiardo,  Tliomas  Hood,  and  generally 
the  maps  of  the  New  England  coast  of  the  si.\teeiith  century. 

The  Cii/'r  C'oil  seen  liy  Dr.  Slafter  in  ihe  coast  outline  of  Ma.ssachu- 
setts,  on   Cosa's   map.   finds  on    Lok's  map   its   corresponding    Curmas. 

This  recognition  carries  with  it.  of  course,  that  of  the  Kiver  Charles, 
with  the  rocks  and  islands  at  its  iiioutii,  ami  also  Cape  Ann  with  its 
equivalent  names. 

It  will  be  reiiiaiki'd  that  Dr.  Slafter,  in  recognizing  the  true  character 
of  Cosa's  map  in  an  essential  particular,  unites  with  Lok,  Stephanius. 
Kuiitsinann.  and  mysL'lf  in  the  interpretation  of  one  i..iportant  piece  of 
geographical  literature,  hearing  on  the  site  of  the  Landfulls  of  Leif  and 
Caljot,  and  on  the  site  of  Norumbega. 


Nai;u.\tives  UK  PKiisoNs  WHO  iiavk  visitf.d  tiik  Counthy  or  City 

OF    N(»1!IMHKG.\. 

We  now  come  to  a  branch  ol"  evidence  which  will  appeal  more  directly 
to  the  general  reader.  It  is  the  record  of  jiersonal  experience,  and  may 
be  subjected  to  a  kind  of  critical  anjilysis  in  which  individual  consciousness 
can  play  its  legitimate  part.  WlirihiT  one  feels  in  its  full  force  or  does 
not  appreciate  the  conclusiveness  of  the  evidence  touching  the  latitude  of 
Norumliega.  and  that  of  the  place  in  a  .series,  always  at  the  .same  point,  in 
the  order  of  succe.ssion ;  whether  he  is  moved  l)y  the  constancy  of  the 
position   indicated   by  geographical    names,   though   in  diflerent  languages. 


DKKEN'CES  OK  NOlUMnF.fiA. 


63 


still  Imviiij,-  ol'tc'ii  the  same  descriptive  significiif ion,  — whether  either  or  ail 
of  these  will  crave  and  secure  the  attention  to  which  fhcy  are  entitled, 
one  may  not  l<now;  but  personal  narrative  lias  advantages  of  its  own^ 
where  tl>e  personal  equation,  so  to  speak,  of  the  relator  may  be  estimated. 

Verrazano  visited  the  Hoston  Back  Bat 

The  earliest  description,  after  the  Vineiand  Sagas,  of  Boston  Harbor  and 
Baclt  Bay  is  found  in  Verrazano's  letter  to  tlie  King.  Verrazano  made  his 
landfall  in  the  early  spring  of  1524  on  Cape  Cod,  and  for  several  months 
roasted  alternately  up  and  down,  at  least  as  far  southward  as  to  the 
entrance  to  Delaware  Bay.  On  one  occasion  as  he  coasted  northward, 
he  says : — 

"  At  the  ond  of  one  hundred  leagues  wo  discovered  a  very  delightful  place  among 
some  8m;dl  hills,  eminences  between  which  ran  a  very  great  river  to  the  ocean,'  which 
was  deep  within  to  its  mouth;  and  from  the  sea  to  the  enlargement  of  the  bay  the 
tide  was  cn/ht  feet,  n\u\  through  it  any  heavy  ship  eau  pass."  [The  tide  fixes  the 
point  as  north  of  Cape  Cod.  The  tide  rises  in  Boston  Hurler  from  eight  to  ten  feet, 
or  more.  Tides  to  tiu-  south  of  Cape  Cod— as  in  (iardiner's  Bay  —  arc  about  three 
I'eet.  Ho  continues  :]  "  As  in  good  duty  we  did  not  wish  to  run  the  risk  of  penctrat- 
inir  the  coast  without  knowledge  of  tlic  mouth  of  the  river,  wc  took  the  boat  and 
entered  the  river  witliin  the  country,  where  we  found  it  to  lie  fhicklj/  inhahiud,  ami 
liir  people  resembling  the  olhi'rs  we  had  .seen  [more  or  less  fair;  that  is.  of  light  com- 
plexion], adorned  with  birds"  tVathers  of  dilTerent  colors,  coming  toward  us  with 
evident  delight,  uttering  very  loud  erics  of  admiration,  indicating,  if  wc  had  to  laiul 
with  the  boat,  where  it  was  most  safe.  We  entered  the  said  river  within  the  countrv 
about  half  a  league,  when'  we  saw  it  formed  a  most  beautiful  lake  [Boston  Back 
Bay]  about  three  leagiirs  in  eon>pass,  upon  which  we  saw  boats,  thirty  in  number, 
moving  from  one  part  to  another  with  innumerable  people,  who  pa.S8ed  from  shoi'c 
to  shore  to  see  us." 

'  The  only  rivpr  in  tin'  forty-third  <lo,?rfe  flowing  through  a  lake  to  the  sea  and  liaving  islands 
at  it.s  month  is  the  Charles.  Following  up  from  this  river's  mouth,  one  enters  an  arehipeh:,'.),  —the 
arohipehigo  of  Comez,  — .sometimes  eallel  the  Archiiielago  Tramontana  (Treniont);  lieyond  this, 
with  approaching  lia;iks,  is  a  strait,  with  hills  on  eitlier  side.  —  Copps,  Treinont.  Bree<ls.  liunlcev. 
and  Winter  lolls,    -ami  theu  a  land-locked  hay  througli  which  a  river  flows 


64 


1»EKKXC'F.S  OF  N()RtMHK(;.\. 


Naukatives  of  Persons  who  visited  Nori'miieoa. 

Next  after  Veuiuzano  we  have  ^^tepiien  Gomez,  in  1525,  t'apturiii|.' 
natives  at  Noruiiibega  and  brin^'ing  them  home  to  Spain.  In  manimciipt 
lie  has  left  a  reeorii  of  the  diseovery  of  the  canal  St.  Johan  (Julian), 
which  is  ."itiil  a  monu'vent  of  early  enginoerin);,  conneeting  (Iloucester 
Harbor  —  (N)oranbega  —  with  Aiinisijuam  Kiver.'  BuHtun  Ilurbur  long  bore 
the  name  ot'the  Archipelago  of  (Jomez. 

Then  Capt.  .loiix  KuT,  1527,  was  at  St.  John  (Gloucester)  Harbor. 
See  Kohl  and  Piirchas. 

PAi{.Mi'.NTiEii  I'oiind,  in  153'>,  Nonimboga  immnUulthf  at  the  southwest, 
a  (piarter  west,  of  Cape   Breton  ((.'ape  Ann). 

In  1512  Ai.i.EFON.scE  was  in  the  forty-third  degree.  He  it  was  who 
distingiiisJK'd  between  the  tim  C'lpe  Hreton.s.  He  was  seeking  a  strait 
through  to  the  Pacific,  and  gives  the  latitude  of  Cape  Ann,  and  with  it 
the  place  of  the  river  and  city  of  Norumbcgue ;  he  mentions  the  liii-j 
people  there,  and  the  variety  and  abimdance  of  peltry. 

Tiievet  was  on  our  coa.st  in  1550,  and  describes  in  his  Cosmography 
(my  copy  is  of  1575i*  in  much  detail  the  geography  of  Cape  Breton  and 
Cape  Johan  (Cape  Ann),  and  of  Cap  de  Arenes  (Cape  Cod),  —  called  also, 
as  ho  mentions,  Francoys  (Allefonsce's  name  was  Cap  de  la  Franciscane) ; 
determines  by  observation  tlu  latitude  of  Nanta.^kef  Roads  at  the  mouth 
of  Charles  River,  an.',  gives  in  his  text  the  river  and  the  city  of  Norum- 
bega  on  its  banks,  and  Fort  NorMiubega  at  the  jiuiction  of  Stony  Brook 
with  the  Cliarles.  All  are  presented  oji  his  map  or  in  his  text,  or  in 
Injlii ;  and  from  his  de.'^cription  I  went  directly  to  the  Fort  in  1885. 


'  May  nnt  this  luirrow.  str.iiglit  raiml  Ikivp  ijiveii  risf>  to  tlic  (lutt.i  ('aiioas,  —  "  cnnoo  irutti^r,"  — 
lator  traii'foriiieil,  aiiil  liy  cIlipsiH  and  ini'tatlii-sis  lieooiiie  the  <lui  of  i'nusn,  wliiih  8<|iarat<'s  the 
iionliiTii  e;i|i._-  lintdii  from  tlic  maiiilaiiil'     This  siijrf,'cati(in  I  vi'titured  to  make  in  my  AiMrcss  on 

tlie  oce;L-i. f  llje  I'liviiling  of  the  Stiitue  to  Leif  Flricsson  in  1887.     (See  "  l)i.icovery  of  America 

hy  tlie  Northmen.") 

■'  See  •■  l-andfall  of  .John  CaUit,  llfiT.  and  site  of  Xonimtxga."  Also,  "Tlie  Discovery  of  the 
Site  of  the  .Xnciunt  City  of  Nuruuibega  ' 


Iii;i"KNCi:s  OK   NOllLMllKC.A. 


65 


liAMl'sio  in  1550  wrote  of  Noruinbt'<j:i\,  itH  clinmle,  fruitM.  and  topograpliy. 

JMiiUM,  lis  we  have  seen,  wuh  at  Noniinbega  in  15(i!»,'  and  found  a 
city  tliree  (luartcrs  of  a  mile  lonj^.  He  speaks  ol'  a  bii/a,  —  a  shcvl  of  still 
"vhr  (Trumbull)  corresponding  with  that  above  Wnltham,  into  which  Stony 
Hrook  empties.  Ingram's  relation  gives  an  estimate  of  the  (li,«hince  of 
Norumbega  from  Cape  IJreton  of  sixty  leagues.  He  probably  confounded 
leagues  with  miles,  us  Allelonsce  mentions  that  a  range  of  hills  and  rocks 
extended  from  near  (the  city  of)  Norumbega  to  the  sea  Jiftcni  Icaifucs  dis- 
tant. He  followed  Indian  trails  across  the  continent.  Such  a  trail  is  still 
to  be  recogni/ed  in  Weston."     The.se  ancient  trails  were  well  known. 

Rev.  H.  K.  Do  Costa  copies  (in  N.  J^  Hist,  and  Gem  ;d.  l!eg.,  April, 
IS'.lO.  p.  I't.))  from  (English)  State  Papers,  Vol.  I.  No.  2,  Public  Record 
OfTice,  London. — 

"The  reports  of  tlirm  that  have  travelled  the  aforesuiil  rountrics.  with  ilie 
note  of  such  tliinirs  as  tliey  have  found  there,  over  and  ntmve  tliat  which  Infrrani 
upon  his  examination  did  oonfesse,  who.se  names  are  Verrazanus,  .Ia(|ues  Cartier, 
.loiiN  15.\uuos,  Andrewe  Tlievett.  .FoiiN  Walkkh,  of  wliidi  number  lluni|ilney  Gilbert 
(lid  confer  in  person  with  the  throe  last." 

"S1.M0N  Fkuiunasoo,  'Mr.  Secretary  Walsinu'ham's  man '[l^T!'],  went  and  came 
from  the  const  of  NommheL'a  in  three  montlis." 

".FonN  Walkkk,  sent  out  by  Sir  Humphrey  C.ilbert,  was  witiiin  the  river 
N'orumlietra,  in  l.")SO,  IX  leajrues  from  its  moutli ;  on  a  hill  on  the  no 'th  si.'.c 
of  tlie  river  ho  found  a  silver  mine.  He  fouuil  in  one  iiouse  [Indian  house], 
seven  miles  from  the  river's  side,  300  hides,  each  of  18  S(iuarc  feet  [tliese  may 
well  liave  lieen  liulTalo  skins]." 

Muru'iiutl  .V..rc.  "Sir  II.  r.ilbert's  man  hroudit  of  the  Syds  [sides  or  hidcc] 
of  this  beast  from  the  place  he  discovered." 

"  llmniihryc  tJilliert's  man  [Jniin  Walker],  wiiicli  he  sent  to  discover  the 
land,  reporteth  there  houses  to  lie  buylt  in  lyke  manner  rountle." 

1  St'p  "Laiulfiill  i'f  .I,.liii  Ciiliot,  1107,  and  site  of  Norumbega."  Al.so,  "  Thr  Discovery  of  tlie 
Site  of  the  Aneieiit  City  of  Nonimliega." 


'•i  There  w.is  a  graiul  jiuietion  of   Iiiiban  trails 


tho  Genesee  Vallev,  known  to  me  in  my  bpy 


hoo.1  lis  Cii'ihumcitwin.     The  name  appears  also  in  Canada, 


ada,  and  at  still  another  point  in  the  southwest. 


Th( 


iilence  of  a  common  lanjiua^'e  is  obvious. 


!> 


66  DKKKNCI'S  OK   NOUIMIIKCA. 

Sir  [Iiiiiiphroy  Gilhcrt  hitii^^flf  imdiTtnok  liis  voyiifjc  for  flio  discovorv' 
ol"  Nonmilii'jjii  lying  to  tlio  .•"Oiitliwi'st  cil'  CajM'  Ifriioii  (Hrotoii),  in  ].',s.'J. 
(Clivrko  ;  Hakluyt.) 

("ii|)tiiiii  .Iknynuks.  and  his  mafo  Smituk  of  flio  ship  "Tohv."  iii- 
foriiu'd  llal  luyt  of  SjMiiii'irtl^  who  had  hi'oii  driven  on  tho  coast  of 
N'oninihi'na,  and  '•  hglitod  o\\  a  townc  on  ii  ryvi  r's  .side  which  thcv 
alliruKMl   to  he  aliovc  a  i|iiarli'r  of  a  mile  in  K'ngtlic." 

Stkpiikn  Hi:i.i.i.\(iKi!.  of  l.'om'n.a  ••  faniihar  friend"  of  Ilakhiyt,  was  at 
Norimihc^'a   in   the  year    l")>.'I.  and  pnrehased  a  j;reat  variety  of  niendiai' 
di.-e.  mainly  peltry,  which   Ilakhiyt  personally  saw;    he  fonnd  a  city,  and 
estimated  tin-  numher  of  houses  at  ei^Mitx.      Ilakluyt  says:  — 

'•Tills  cimsli'  (if  .\iiruinl)0(:a,  finiii  ('m|m'  llntoii  [tiie  iioitlicrii]  CC  ['2001 
Ica'.'uos  fi)  till'  s()iitli«r,.<i.  wiis  airiiin  iliMM\cnil  ;it  tin'  ciiarijirt's  of  llu-  ('artiiiiMl 
of  liinli'ia  by  my   liicnij   >li  plirii    |!(lliiiL;tr.  of   Kdim   [|{(iiicii],  the  last  vcrc,   l")H;j 

wli'K'    f()iiiiil>'    a    tu\Mi.'    (it    lom-x'Dic    I MIS,    lovcrcd    wiiji    the    harkes   of    trees. 

uii.iii  I!  ii\ii's  sidi.  iiIkmiI  C  li'Miriiis '  Ir.ini  the  aforesaid  Cape  liieton.  lie  re- 
piirtcd  tint  tlie  (-(Mintiic  is  of  tlir  t.'iii|i.  raliiro  of  tjic  roaste  of  (iascoi^rnj  and 
(Juyafl.  Ho  liniUL'iit  honic  a  kind.'  of  inincrall  matter  siipiioseij  to  liolde  silver, 
wiicreof  lie  L'ave  ine  smiii' ;  a  kind  of  niuskc  (■all('(I  castor;  divers  lieaslcs  skinnes. 
ns  hovers,  otters,  niniiernes,  laccrnes,  scales.  Iiafls.  dere-skyiines,  all  dressed,  and 
|iaiiited  on  tlie  inner  side  with  divers  excilent  ci. lours,  as  redd,  tawnye,  yellow 
and  vermiliyon.-^— ^i//  ,rh,.-l,  ihi,,,,..,  /  fil.kjuytj  .„„..•  and  divers  other  nierehan- 
dizo  lie  liath  wlii.li  1  saw  not.  Ilm  he  told  nio  that  ho  had  ('('("("  and  xl 
rrown(?s  for  that  in  Koan.  wh,!,.  i,,  (ri(|,..s  l,es(..wed  upon  the  Savages,  stood 
iiim  not  in  foiti.  eio^n.s.  .  .  .  The  nature  and  (lualitie  of  tliother  parte  of 
Amorica  from  (ape  Jiiitm  ihe  uoitlii  nil.  I„  in-  in  It!  deir.ves  unto  the  latitude 
of  -y-l  for  iij  C  lea-aes  wiilmi  tho  lan.le.  even  to  Iloohelaira,  is  n(jtal.ly  desorihed 
in  tho  twoo  voyadjres  of  lae(|uos  f'artior."'^ 

'  Th.>o-»   \mudvf.\  l..:.,M,..s  i,  n(-arprtt„.,i,tual  .'(.tanc-  fmia  oar  /.,/,„„/ of  ('»,,«  Breton  to  tl... 

mouth  of  tl....  (I,„l,..,     Th..  , iHuidrcd  leu;,,,-,  d  ,u!.tl.    s  refers  t.,  tho  whole  extent  of  hi.  s«,l- 

ms;  and  discovery.      It  u,.  .t  ih..  Lest  ,.m   eMi.ni.to   i„  th-;  liKht  of   little  ex[K.Mie on  our  co.-i.,!,  in 

«hich  -tioiitj  tides  and  tiie  arctic  current  prevail 

■'  HtifTalu  rolie.  in  cmimenv  fifty  years  a,-,.,  from  the  \V,.,t.  wore  painted  «:-!,  these  colors. 

•  .'<ee  Hal.liiyt\  WeMorti   l'!,n(n,jj. 


DKKKNCKS  OK  NOHI  M»K(;a. 


«17 


In  another  connection  llaklii^t  myn:  — 

"...  .My  liidHi  .-^tcpliea  IJellianiT  of  Koiui,  wlioc  departed  from  New  Haven  in 
.laiiiiary  wns  tw.hi'  nioiillis,  iinivi'd  at  Capo  Uriton  [tlic  iiortlienij  in  XX  dales 
spare,  and  from  tlicnce  diHccvcred  very  dili-mtly,  CO  leai;n.'s  towardes  Norumliejra, 
and  had  (ralieiin,  willi  the  prcpl,.  in  tcnnr  or  twelve  piuces  ;  foundc  a  towne  c(m- 
teynin^re  fourcseoru  liouse.s,  and  retarncd  liome,  witli  a  dilijrent  deseriplion  of  the 
coaste,  in  the  Hpace  of  foure  monethcH,  witli  many  commodities  of  the  eonntrie  which 
ho  8hewi'd  me." 

llaleigirs  patent  wa.s  dated  March  li-'j.  1584.  Under  this,  but  trans- 
ferred later  to  new  parties.  Smith  niade  a  settlement  at  Jamestown,  diir- 
iiij,'  which  he  wa.s,  lie  .snys.  constant!}-  on  the  lookout  for  Norumhega. 
The  name  wu.s  fanuliar,  hut  the  locality  was  iindcternuned. 

TuE  Tkstimon'y  of  Cjiami'lain  to  tiik  Existknce  of  the  City  c. 
Noiii-MitiKiA  o\  tiik  Ciiaki.es. 

The  true  story  of  Chaniplain  has  been  misunderstood  or  altogether 
overlooked,  as  1  eoiictive.  for  almost  time  hundred  years.  He  has  not 
been  expected  to  testify  to  the  presence  of  .Norund)ega  on  the  Charles.  His 
story  is  especially  interesting  therefore  as  the  authority  accepted  and 
ddended  by  Dr.  Slafter  and  Dr.  Parkman. 

PfKCilAS  (ed.  of  101.^,  p.  CL'S)  says  :  — 

"The  inlialiitants  of  tliesc  parts  [rcL'ion  of  Port  Royal.  New  Tlriinswiek] 
were  termed  .'»oiuic|iiois.  From  lliem  westward  are  tjic  people  called  Kt.sfliemins 
[now  found  at  l':i>siima(iuoddy].  where  the  next  port,  after  yon  are  past  the  river 
of  i^t.  .fohn.  is  Saint  Croix,  wliri-e  they  errcted  n  fort  iind  wintered.  Threescore 
leagues  west  from  thence  is  the  river  Kinilieki,  and  from  thence  the  land  turiietli 
north  and  south  to  .Malaiiiirri"  [part  of  the  east  face  of  Ca[ie  Cod]. 

"Authors  piiicc  in  that  former  extension  of  land  hetwixt  east  and  west  «  <jrea! 
town  aiiil  f'diir  river  (■(tllij  Norumliviia,  lii  the  mragen  raUi;!  Aii'/uiicia." 

This  is  almost  the  language  of  Tlicvet.     Purclias  couiiimes  :  — 

'•These  French  discoverers  [Me  Mont's  historioLrraphcrs.  ChMinpiain,  Lescarhot, 
Potriucourtj  utterly  deny  this  history,  allirmiiiir  that  there  are  Wiit  cahans  [cabins] 


,- 


'\ 


0.^ 


IM  1KN(  I'.S   OK    NOKlMl'.lii.A 


•I-.    ;in(l  tlii'iv,  iiKiilo  ui 


111   iH'ii 


rs        .CM'; 


skins;    (;Ulil   !llr_V   tollow    u    til]   .///■/  '■■'-'/'    '•"'•' 

.mil  thiTO  .•:iu  lir  no   irivat   ih.t  i  as  tli.v  alliiiur.l  ) 


ami    ivivcrcii  witli   liai'kos   of  trees  orwiili 


[St.  I, 


invrciii'i' 


lialii  I  iikf   ail    iiisalia 


/ 

lu'iaiKi'  ilii'  irri'iit  Kivcr  of  ("ana  in 

IpIi'     llirirliant  )    I'liirrnssrii    ;ill     IIk'SO    wator    CdUl- 


idlfu's.  s'l  lliat   (illiiT  .■.lrfani>  a 


IT   ,11   maniirr  iial    iicillar: 


It  Wiis.  uct'or 


iliiii;  to    l*unlia>  .iinl  gi'iicial  ua'o^riipliiral  liti'ratui'c,  lutfcen 


!//.•   Krnn>!"''  (hi'l  <'",'   f  ■<'  '''■"    ''"'  .^■'*''"    '"^^"  "''  ^'"|■l"'ll•l•,^M   lay 


•rom   i!ii~    rt'iMinl   ul 


'iiii'ha-    it    srriiis. 


till'    map    I 


)l     l.cMa 


rlidi    ol     h 


Will    as   iVdiu    till-    ti'xf    and 
iii'.i,   anil    tli.it    (>!'    Cliamplaiii     of     ItilJ,    that 


SOI 


lu'  of  Di'  Moiu's  fxiiloiiiii:  partH 


liati 


on   till'    If.ioiiM'i 


i)t    m    till-    iirrv;ous    \rai-.   o 


lu'cii   ailvisi'd.  atUT  their  t'liliu'i" 
f  I  he   lookfil  lor   loi'alitv  on   lli 


II  irh's. 


ami    iiaii 


VlSlIod     till-     >ltl'    Ol     .Noruilllli'; 


a.      iK-   Mont's  oIliciTs  ami 


nil'!!    loiimi    rflati\i.'l} 


i'fw    :l\vflliiiL;s    at     the    plai'o     to    which    they    w 


I'VV 


i-iiii' 


li.   till'   M'tili'iiiciil    -onif    tiiiif   liclori'   luuini:.   cxrcpt    at    the    -I'aMiu 


i|    lislilll^'.    ciMsta 


1   tn  1m'  111'  -pi'lial    ii'Mirt.      It    hail   ilwimili'il   with   the  ill 


iii- 


tma  ol    III''   .Nor>i    IiIihkI 


Thf  i[\\  thr |uartrr-  of  a    iiiil'   Ioiili'  to   liiun-aiii  in   lo(V.'.  to  Sti-phni 

11    1  Vs.'!    was    loiiiiil    ;o   ha\i'    li.'roiii(>    a    town    of   only    fonrscon- 


lirilmL'iT     1 


hiiUSi'S.     riucl'r 


liki"    till'    ■•rali;m- 


if  (']) 


miinain,   ••/'■/ 


7/    /»^■/,■  v  "/■  //■ 


The   hn.i.-i's    wi  iv    ot    iii'ri~halili'   mai.'rial.  ami    wi'ii'    fewiT   at    thi'   tinif    ol 

'fori*.     'I'lii'v  wi'ii' 


r»t'  Mont's  I'xju'iliiion  than 

-I)   ic\s    that    ilu'V  ilid    no'    In 

the    i''ivm'liiiii'ii.     'i"lii'\'  lia'l    ^ou-lit    tl 


l|i'\-   W  err    1  Wiil'  \  -OIU'    \i'afs  In 


Itil    the    11.'^  ,K    n\' 


the    inllameil    imaginations   nl 
t   ithe    I'emta- 


li'    e|l  \    on    t  111'     I  enoh-i'ii 


'Dl't  i.    w 


hifh   aee.inlin-    to  rhamiilain  //'"</  lu'  the   river  Nnrimilii'L'-a.  hnt   liad 


laileil   to  liml    it       'riie\-    Were  mi;    only   iii-a|ipiiii 


teii,  hilt    tliev  were  veXi 


o    lie    sure.    Ill 


the    eil\     liail    //"/    /" 


/'' 


>,./  i>ii   the    I'. nilihr'il.    nor  hail    the 
iliii'_rs  tlnTe  lieiMi   ealh'il.  li\   the  nati\es.  Nonimliee'a. 

XeVerlhele--.     (   lianiplaill     hail     e.iine     to     the     ei  illel  il.-ion     that      lliil!     Illii'-t     ill' 


I'lver   111'   reinains  nl   iiw a 


Uie    river 


w!i)i  ii    the    eil\    111'    the    same    name    wol 


ihl    he    found.      It    was 


Oil  inaiiV  oarlv  maps  tin-  cuiinl'-v  l"a«i'i'ii    I.aki!  Cli.iini'laiii   ai 


till'  rna'it    >  f  Maisai'lni'-'IN  is 


••pri'si'iiti'il  IS  vi'ry  unnow,  umt  uii  >■  iin-  \i,-  l.ik''  is  comiicti'il  willi  tin'  uci-aii  liflwi'Oii  tape  Aim   iiil 


Cai..'  ('...I. 


iplii^ 


DKl'ENCKS  OF   NOUl'MUEGA. 


69 


the  only  one  having  an  ndciiwilc  ihvinngfi  baxin  to  furnish  water  for  a 
large  river.  IJut  they  did  not  find  a  city  on  its  banks.  Still  inquiring 
for  an  ancient  town,  they  were  conducted  by  natives  up  the  Charles. 
Somewhere  below  the  inllow  of  a  branch  from  the  south  (the  Cheesecake?) 
and  another  from  the  north  (Beaver  Brook?),  and  above  the  head  of 
the  Bay,  according  to  the  niap,  they  found  a  region  of  scattered  '•  cabans  " 
(wigwams),  which  was  pointed  out  to  them  (so  on<>  reads  between  the 
lines)  as  tiie  site  for  whidi  they  were  looking.  These  "  cabans  "  figured 
on  both  Champlain's  and  Lescarbot's  mtips  are  the  imperishable  record  of 
what  was  at  Watertown  at  the  opening  of  the  seventeenth  century.' 

Could  men  with  pictures  of  Paris  and  Parisian  civilization  in  their 
brains  have  been  more  astounded  ? 

It  is  conceivable  that  like  Roger  Clapp,  twenty -six  years  later,  they  had 
attempted  the  ascent  of  the  river  with  a  boat  of  too  deep  draught,  or  at  ebb- 
tide. They  therefore  took  to  the  laud,  and  approached  the  site  of  the  dam 
and  walls  at  Watertown  from  the  north.  They  found  the  site  largely  over- 
grown with  wood,  and  remains  only  of  the  perishable  architecture  of  the 
Indinn.s.  It  was  too  much!  Bellinger,  twenty-one  years  before,  had  coimted 
eighty  houses.  Some  of  them  had  doubtless  fallen  to  decay;  but  all  of 
them  would  have  seemed  few  to  the  Frenchmen,  and  were,  relatively,  few. 
Thirteen  years  earlier.  Ingram,  estimating  the  length  sonu'where  proba- 
bly from  the  bowlder  d.iiii.  down  along  the  walled  river,  with  tlie  terraces 
aI)Ove  (against  the  ancient  Ilunnewell  gardens),  found  remains  of  what 
ho  railed  a  city,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long.  The  Daiqihin  map  of 
1540  luire  the  figure  of  a  fortified  gatewny  to  a  city  above  the  arm 
of  the  sea,  and  an  armed  enemy  near  to  indicate  the  character  of  the 
locality  and  in  some  degree  the  e.xtent  of  the  city. 

'  Attciitiiiii  1ms  alri'aily  tn'on  drawn  tn  tin'  Isvo  oxploriiicr  parties,  and  to  the  exliiliition  of  two 
rivers  On  one,  issuiiii;  from  a  lake  (the  In  ii'i).  aijaiiist  tin'  mniitli  of  Stony  lirook,  tlie  nam''  YriH-nis 
occurs.  This  hears  the  name  /.'.  ilit  (jd.i.  At  the  mouth  of  the  other  is  the  elbow  of  Xaiitasket  and 
the  name  ('luxiiicmt  (('oha,sset). 

There  may  of  course  have  been  two  very  unlike  charts  by  ililTerent  members  of  one  parly,  thus 
contribulini;  to  the  confusion  which  led  to  the  obscurity  at  this  point  on  the  map  of  Iti^i-'. 


ro 


ni;FK\('i:s  ok  noimmiu^ca. 


Was  this  the  great  city,  with  walls  ami  gates  and  towers?  What 
wore  all  the  remains  the^-  I'ouiid,  to  Kreiu-hnien  who  knew  of  cities  ot' 
the  01(1  World'.'  The  >toiT  iinisl  l)e  a  iiislii!  The  city  had  never  heen  ! 
• 'riuj.^e  wlio  desorilied  have  never  seen  it."  said  Chainplain ;  and  in 
mingled  vexation  and  Ibrgetl'nhu'ss  he  struck  out  all  mention  of  tlie 
city  and  country  of  Noruinbega   from  his  map  of   Itj.'ili. 

The  shei't  of  maps  which  follows,  entitled  '•Transition  period  in  regard 
to   Xoruuilicga   in   the    seventeenth    ceiitiu'v."   attaches    itself  naturally   to 


that 


en 


titled   '■  Was  there  a  city  of  NoruiiilieL''a 


It   si 


lows  the  confusion 


that   grew,  in   part   at   least,  out    of    Chauiplaiii's    re|iort.       It    perhaps   also 
shows  how  >kilfii       tlie  site  of  the  seaport  of  Norumbega  had  been  chosen. 


It  was  (piite   inla'. 


icci'ssilile  iVoiu   the  sea  oidv  at   hiirli 


tidi 


At  tl 


le   moutli    111 


i  fic 


Charles    we    have    o 


)f   tl 


(,''it    (lieti'a\iiiLr 


confused    niemmy   of     I' 
1    t< 


)n  one  ol    tlie  maps  a    river 
mil    a    crowd     of 


•mtai'oet 


other   nauies    with    little    regani   to    actual    geography 


Th 


e   student    wi 


11 


recogui/e    the    etloit    of    the    cartographers    to    adjust     the    statements    ol 
( 'haiii|ilain    witii    wliat    had     previou-ly    been    accepted    as    true.       In    tlie 

to    Chaiuplain's    authority,    we    have    positions 


struirirle     to     do     liomaLTe 


re\erse( 


1    and    naiiie<    given    as    alternate'.!.     Tlu're    are    also   other    phase; 


the    contusion    into  w 


luch 


rtographi  rs    were    thrown    hy    (Jiam| 


by    Ch 


iilam. 


(,'hamplaiu   (through   detailed  oil 


irers.  1 


f  not   per.son.illy   present)  was  at  tii 


site  01 


Watertowu.  and   saw  wliat   the  nali\( 


iiiew  as  the  remains  of  tli 


.h. 


mcieiit    city  ol    .Nnru::.r)ega.      .\ud    we    lia\'e    on    oilier    maps    Carinas   and 


Cat 


Bret 


on    loll 


g  after  (losuold  iiad  given  (/ajie  Cod   to  one.  and  Pri 


nee 


Charles  Cape  Aim   to  the  other. 

Tii.vxMTiox  PKFiion  IN  i;i:(.A!tn  to  Nokumhega.  Sevexteentu 

Ckntiuv. 

This  series  of  maps  presents,  first.  Lescarbot  (  Itldlh.  //•/'//(  a  lolkctinn  "f 
rdJf'iis  1,11  '■!■  /inir  t/ir  .V('A  <'/'  ]Vii/'r/'iW)i.  on  the  river  (Charles),  at  the  mouth 
oi'  which   is  an  archipelago  and  a  cape  called  (Jhouacoet  (Cohasset). 


♦  . 


it*' 


^ 


<^ 


U'  >-f  I ',    ^ •  •^'  1-.;  tV>^'-  V 


.-i^ 


li^ 


« 

Ou 


o    . 


^., 


w   '<Hi  fim  WW  Id  V  X 


:f;n 


/ 


VK^^ 


^  k, 


f! 


/' 


L^s 


N-i. 


\ 


.'CSs^f 


V%Mf. 


r^        !/  .«  ^  /  ,    ^  .1    ,•    -^^ 


D; 


*^^ 


J  J  / 


./ 


V 


/ 


'K..,, 


'Ms 


^?i 


.^-^   *" 


v?>  .•■' 


-^^- V.  ,1.  "     '  C  ■  t       - 

;^, •    y'*   •  .r.'^^- 


<^  ~ 


X 


< 

Z 

-J 
< 

z 
o 

(r 

o 

to 

■q- 
o 
cr 

r 
I- 
z 


^  w^ 


^tnr  It,        Bj 


/ 


r.i{< 


.f' 


r" 


.i 


<S»«»-r^ 


■C^' 


1       [■• 


*:, 


f   I 


'''^  .y^r 


m 


■x> 


4  c 


>- 


^     ■'•*. 


i 


-V*.  -  t. 


J^  k 


#< 


'ti 


--'1 


f^-,^ 


4^ 


*^ 


*1    V, 


fe 


^^/ 


^i?-i^s 


.-•^ 


.1 


■•i^ 


"4- 


'k. 


«^5n»n 


/f  ' 


1 


M 


»* 


I  <;> 


C 


>■ 


*v- 


■ffc.- 1'^  ^ 


w%'- 


'^^•*^.Vt\«f^ 


^' 


"tS-:^*^. 


"^ 


wm  m 


*3\ 


s 


^^^S^.c-meil 


^".»      \ 


oix 


V 


jtei^ 


6iw  *■  ^ 


JH'IFKNCES  OK   NOIU'MUKd.V. 


ri 


Following  this  is  the  mnp  of  Clininplaiii  of  1012,  having  on  it  Naran- 
bergiie,  which  he  suppri'SMoil  on  the  map  of  1032.  On  both  niaj-s  lie 
leaves  the  evidence  of  a  visit  made  to  Watertown,  on  the  Charles  lliver. 
On  the  river  ((Jharles),  at  the  entrance  to  the  month  of  which  Champlain 
gives  the  illmw  near  Chouacoet,  —  given  also,  less  distinctly,  by  Lescarbot; 
described  in  its  name  Aia};iscon  {(iriii),  with  its  latitude  42  14',  by  Thevet ; 
given  also  l)y  Winthrop  (lOlil)  as  C'oncyhasset,  and  by  Wood,  and  on  all 
early  local  maps,  and  on  the  Coast  Survey,  as  Cohasset,  —  on  this  river, 
at  /hr  .si/r  «/  Wutcrloim  {//tut  it<,  uliove  llif  intrrwr  bii//),  C/iaiii/i/aiu  Jifjurcs  a 
cliixier  of  idbiiis,  Ihc  cvidmceH  nf  omtpunci/.  At  this  point  are  fnuitd  to-ditij  the 
vallx,  docka,  irhariw,  and  fjaxiius  irhich  art-  amribcd  bij  mc  to  the  ancient  citif  of 
Noniiiilieijit. 

The  three  following  French  maps,  from  the  collection  of  the  late  General 
Barlow,  of  New  York,  show  the  perplexity  that  followed  Champlain's  dis- 
«'()verv  of  Norumbegu  on  the  Penobscot,  or  rather  the  failure  of  Champlain 
to  recognize  it  anywhere.  On  the  hrst  of  the  three  the  cartographer  maki's 
Qiiinnobequin  (Kennebec)  and  Pemtagoet  (IVnubscot)  d'ipliciite  names  of 
the  same  streiim.  This  was  evidently  produced  after  the  building  of  Fort 
Casline  at  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot. 

This  map  also  presents  Vingaert's  Eylan  (Vineland),  south  of  tlie 
Quinnibe(|ui    and    against   the    name  Cambridi/e,  —  the   very  site    of    Leii.s 

houses. 

The   second  of  the   French   maps   restores   the   conditions   of  relative 

position. 

The  third  places  the  Kennebec  north  of  the  Pemtagoet,  and  gives  Fort 
Pemtagoet.  or  Norumbegue,  as  an  alternative,  on  a  river,  with  branches 
connecting  hikes  and  ponds,  corresponding  more  fairly  with  the  features  of 
the  (.'Iiarles  than  witli  those  of  the  Penob.scot. 

Ne.xt  are  two  maps.  —  Solis  and  Merriam. — on  which  impatient  and 
confoundetl  ciirtographers  have  placed  every  name  of  the  Charles  they  could 
lind.  IJoth  *)f  them,  however,  are  loyal  to  Cape  Breton  n^-d  Carenas,  and 
to  Norumbega  as  a  province  in  Nova  Francia. 


n 


KKIKM  l>  Ol     NOlUMIIKliA. 


M     1 


I*    '  'K 


Nixt  is  11  map  (imonyuious)  for  which  I  iim  iixh'lXod  to  my  friciil 
Profi'ssor  MaiToii.  on  which  is  a  rcinarkahly  correct  outline  of  tho  const, - 
l.rtt.r  thMii  Chaiiipliiin's  an.l  than  sonic  otlu-rs  alter  Champhiin's  timi-. 
but   rctaiuin-  tlu'  earlier  name  of  Cape  .le  las  Aronns. 

On  the  next  map.— Winthrop  (lO;;!).  — is  the  stono  dam.  built  of 
roun.le.l  boNvMcrs,  as  existing  at  an.l  before  the  mlvent  of  the  Knglinh. 
the  site  of  which  Winthrop  has  indicated  iu  the  name  "rip."  It  was 
fben  as  now  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  and  at  ebb  tide  marked  the  com- 
,„..„cenient  of  ripples. -a  gentle  fall.  Here  were  fisheries,  with  a  weir, - 
authorized  by  Winthrop  lil.U-lC'VJ,  and  indicating  a  recognized  fall  which 
the  fish  .'ouM  not  easily  pass  im  their  way  to  spawning  ground. 

On  Winthrop's  map  is  Coneyhasset  (Cohasset),  Nanlasket  (the  elbow), 
the  15a.k  r.ay,  — shown  on  S(dis.  l-'.I'S,  and  describe«l  in  the  Vineland 
SaL'a.s.  and  by  Verra/ano.  —  and  the  Charles,  including  the  site  of  the 
citv    of    Noniniliega,    at   the   lino   separating   salt   water   from    fresh. 

Wliat  ha<  gone  before  may  he  regarded  ns  having  estahlished  that  — 

1.    There   was  a   city  of  Normubega. 

•J.    That    its  latitude    was   about     I'J    -<>'. 

,".  Thai  the  riwr  on  which  it  stooil  bore  a  name  with  numerous 
c(iuivaleuts.  which  was  one  of  a  series  in  the  forty-third  degree,  >i/>ru>/s 
npfKonwi  ai  the  Nuiie  point  in  the  order  of  succession  ;  and  its  name  was 
the    Chaki.ks. 

We  have  thus  transferred  to  tho  siijiport  of  the  discovery  of  Noriim- 
l)fL'a  the   testimony  nf  Chainplain  and   Ijcscarbot. 


IIaki.cyt's  DiscofiisK  OS  Wkstkhn  I'l.vntino. 

Repeated  qiiotatinns  have  been  made  from  tliis  v.dume.  I^t  us  glance 
(It,  the  >urrouinling-i  and   tiie   times  of  tho  authority. 

In  I'.s'J  Micliael  Lok  dedicated  to  his  friend  Sir  Philip  Sidney  his  ninp 
of  North  America,  embodying  the  early  chart  of  .John  Cabot's  discovery  of 


DKKKNCKS  OK   NOliLMltKliA. 


1497    an<l  ImviiiK  on  it  tlio  naiiiu  -  Noruiiibogii "  iigiihiHt  a  i)omt  not  fur 


iVoiii  tlie  tm»u 


Ih  of  the  liviT  Chillies. 


'i'l.is    WHS    llio    priotl  of   lMiili|.   Swlney,  of  WuUlt  Uuleij^h,  of  llum- 
r  Loii'i'stt  r,  ol   Wiils'mj^lmm,  of  Cecil. 

of  Kiidaml.     It  was  in  the 


phrfV  Ciiliu'il,  o 

It  was  ill  till!  r«;ign  of  thi'  I'rotostant  Qiu-on 
life  of  Mary  Uiiooii  of  Srots.  l'liilii>  11.  inul  iissunu'd  tlie  chaiiniioiuship  of 
the  Catholic  fuilh.  Spauisli  galleons  wcio  lilliiig  his  colTfis  with  gold  and 
silver  from  his  Aniencaii  posse.s.sions.  His  iiuipose  to  suppress  Protes- 
Ku-'IivikI  had  been  divined.  'I'lu'  loval  men  alitmt  the  throne  of 
Kli/.aheth,  led  l>y  IJahi.udi.  eoneeived  the  idea  of  e.stahli.shing  in  the  New 
World    an    ear 


tanlism  in 


liur  15eriiiu«la,— a  colony  ostensibly  for  the  usual  ends  of 
commercial  enterprise,  hut  iiuhidiiig  a  fortified  seaport,  from  which  ves- 
sels might  issue  under  the  En-lish  flag  to  prey  upon  the  Spanish  treasure- 
laden  \X'.s,«eK     This  would,  it  was  urged,  compel  IM.ilip  to  keep  a  strong 


naval    force    in    American   wa 
fruit    of    her    con(|uests.    in 


ters  to  convoy  the  ships  freighted  with  the 


ilustries,   and    s])oliati(iiis,   and    so   jirovent   the 


threatened  attack  of  th.'  luviucil.le  Armad 


To  further  this  end.  mainly 
i 


at  Kul.'igh's  iiistanc(.   Uichard   Ilakluyt,  a  young  .scholar  of  great  promise, 

kilfuUy  written  arguuieut,  showing  the  advan- 
liate  colonization  of  Noruinbega.  —  a  country 


was  employed  to  prepare 
Uiges  to  England  of  the  in 


iliiei 


of  uiideteriniiH 


d    boumlaries.  extending 


ilintr   far  to  the    north    and    south,  and 


t.  oil  the  wes 


having  a  chief  city  and  seapoi 

entitled  ''  Western  Planting,"  w 


t   side  of  the   Atlantic.     Tlie 


letter. 

manuscript.     Its  date  wi 

Lok's  map.  had  ]ire( 


hich  he  prepared,  was  pieserv 


eil  m 


ir.S.-..     llakliivfs  '-Divers  Voyages."  containing 


I'ded  it  bv  tliree  years. 


Within  rilatively  a  few  yeai 


the  ■•Western  Plauthig"  lias  been  brought 


to  light  through  the   eflbrts  o 


i  the  late    Hev.  Dr.  Leonard   Woods,  of 


IJow- 


doin  College 


Edited    bv  Dr.   \\ 


„|s    and   the  late   Dr.  Charles   Deane,  it 


was 


pill 


ilished  bv  tlie  Maine   Historical  Society.   ISTT 


From 


tl 


us  vo 


iliiine 


I    have   « 


drawn  accounts  of  ])ersonal  visits  to  Noruui- 


beira    iHdbre    i:.Sl,   to    crown    the    geog 


laphical    argument    resting    mai 


on  charts, 


the  absolute   demons 


itratioii   afforded  by   tlie 


ilitude 


!S   and    rt 


inly 
4a. 


74 


UKFENCKS  OK  NOKl'MBEr.A. 


tions  of  Allofonsce    and  Thcvet,  and.  as    has  been  pointed  out,  the   unin- 
tended conlinnation  of  (Miaiiiplain  and  Loscarl)ot. 

Elizabeth  had  not  seen  her  way  elear  to  aiding  from  the  royal  treasury 
the  plan  of  Hahigh  and  his  friends  to  estai)lish  a  eolony  earlier,  by  alnioM 
fifty  years,  than  Winthrop'a.  f^ir  Humphrey  Gilbert  had  been  lost  in  his 
attempt  to  reach  Norumbega. 

Then-  was  jirovided  no  place  of  security  for  a  British  fleet  in  Anierican 
waters,  from  which  corsairs  might  have  issued  to  pester  the  Spanish  gal- 
leons, and   so  prevent  tiie  sailing  of  a  war  lleet   to  attack   England. 

It  was  deemed  wiser,  after  the  birth  of  .Tames  VI.,  to  extinguish  nil 
rivalry  between  tiie  crowns  of  Scotland  and  England  by  the  tragedy  of 
Feb.  S.  1")87,  at  Fotheringay  Castle. 

In  I088  the  Armada  appeared.     It  was  happily  scattered. 

It  is  not  without  its  interest  to  students  of  Massachusetts  history  that 
the  ancient  city  of  Norumbega,  at  Watcrtown  on  the  Charles,  might  earlier, 
by  threi"  hundred  years,  have  been  recognized  as  the  first  city  in  Americit 
norlli  of  the  Spani.-ih  pos.se.ssious. 

WixxnROp's  Map  ov  IG.34. 

Wi\oever  has  followeil  tliis  discussion  will  look  with  interest  upon 
the  map  jtroduccil  !)y  Winthrop  in  ir.34'  from  data  collected,  some  of 
it,  .foon  after  his  arrival  in  in.iO.  Or  'lis  map  the  .shaded  ,sdt  water  is 
indicated  on  the  Ciiarles  up  to  the  heail  of  tide-water,  and  there  sweet 
water  begins  on  his  map  as  it  diu's  (o-day.  Tlie  point  which  separates 
the  sea  water  from  ti  0  fresh,  is  marked  by  two  bars  across  the  river. 
On  the  Merrimack  Winthrop  marks  the  falls,  and  writes  "  Falls "  against 
•lie  mark.  He  marks  a  -Wecr"  on  the  Saugus.  If  he  witnessed  or 
knew    of    the    building    of    a    dam   across   tlu    Charles    at   Watertown.   \n> 

'  I  liave  iiitrodiircd  a  |iart  of  tliis  map  ilincovori'd  l.v  Mr.  Henry  Wati-rs,  tlie  eminent 
genealogist,  MwtuM  t'  ■  iikui  i^   ipts  ol  tlw  Sloan  coUoetion  m  tlie  Hriti.sli  Mu.^eiim 


fe.-,e-.^jtjiMaaB«Wi8WiBgWrlWa!IM6Wt  T 


« 


4 

of 

an< 

r 

I 


Ht:iJ01YPE   COPY    OF    WINTHI-iOPS 

KOtJN'L)    HY    Ml-;.    I1I;.N1;Y    WAll. 


•i'%»>y-''?v-^  f.i--' 


K    WINTHliOPS    OI-MGINAL    MAP    Oh'    l(.;'.'i. 
■llv    lltNlJV    WATLl-iS    IN     LNill.ANL). 


iff< 


I  'I 


DEFKXt'KS  OF   XOKLMUEOA. 


75 


map  would  liavo  borne  at  this  point  the  name  ••  Dam,"     Instead  of  this 
it  bears  the  name  '■Kip."' 

What  remains  of  the  Walls  of  Norumbega. 

Do  we  wonder  that  so  little  of  ancient  Norumbega  remains?  What 
right  have  we  to  ask  for  more?  What  remains  of  the  city  of  the 
Pliaraolis  of  the  Exodus;  of  Nineveh;  of  Troy;  of  Baalbec?  What  liave 
we  of  Di  Iphi  ;  of  IMinMiicia;  of  Etruria?  What  remains  of  the  Rome 
of  the  Ca'sars?  What  of  tlie  York  or  tiie  Chester  of  the  Romans,  and 
of  the  London  wliich  William  oi"  Normandy  saw?  More,  perhaps;  hut 
relatively  I'ow  nnirh  nioic,  than  still  exists  of  Norumbega?  I  doulit  if 
any  one  can  point  to  as  much  stone-wall  of  the  Boston  of  a  hun- 
dred years  ago  as  the  resident  of  Watertown  may  still  claim  to  exist 
of  the  Norumbega  of  the  times  before  the  Bretons  first  went  up  the 
Charles. 

1  add  a  photograph  of  a  portion  —  perhaps  a  large  third  —  of  the  wall 
on  tlie  north  side  of  Charles  River  below  Watertown,  which  doubtless, 
with  much  repair  by  the  proprietors,  fulfds  to-day.  as  eight  to  nine  hun- 
dred years  ago  it  did,  the  oHice  of  deepening  the  water  at  high  tide 
immediately  below  the  Nt)rumbega  dam. 


What  has  heen  Established. 

At  the  outset  of  this  communication  it  was  stated  that  the  battlefield 
of  the  Northmen  was  at  Watertown.  Let  us  .-^ce  what  has  been  established 
as  the  citadel  of  Norumbega.     We  may  take  the  evidence   in  reverse. 

1  Rip  mea.m  a  Mi.ldon  break  in  the  (l.'scnt  from  .still  w.itcr.  It  w;!.  called  "  falls  "  In-  Wood, 
.loscelyn,  and  Oiinton  The  dam  now  t.eais  a  llnsl.-l.oard,  which  risos  a  foot  or  more  abov..  the  crc^t 
of  stone,' -Riving  a  total  fall  at  the  llourini;  mill,  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  helow.  .^f  al.out  fon- 
and  a  half  feet.  Viewed  from  the  north  Lank,  where  Winlhroi>  saw  it.  Ilie  -entle  oasoade  may  not 
have  Leon  seen,  as  the  inlands  (wharves  p.netrafd  l>y  doek-)  were  wooded,  and  the  ,xm.t  of  view 
was  to  the  west  of  the  line  of  the  dam. 


76 


ni:i  r.Nc'Ks  ok  nokimhkcja. 


1.  Winthrop  found  in  tlit>  Ibrty-tliinl  dcgrco  flu>  falls  nt  the  bowlder  dnni 
ncross  th<'  ("ImrK's.  of  which  the  various  walls  of  Norunihega.  as  a  eonuner- 
cial  siMport,  are  Imt  the  seqiienees.     (Sec  "  Discovery  of  Norunihega."  18811.) 

•2.  Twentv-six  years  hrl'ore  (1(101).  in  the  same  latitude,  Chaniplain 
was  ooiiiliietc'l  to  the  soatteri'd  remains  (ealiins  covered  with  kirk  of  /nrs 
and  skins  I  of  what  was  recognized  liy  the  natives  of  the  neighhorhood  as 
Norunihega.  Ciiainplain  and  his  a.ssociates  are  recorded  in  1()1,3  (Purchiis. 
p.  t)l2Si  as  denying  tliat  these  scattered  dwellings  were  the  remains  of 
tlie  Noiuinhega  descrilied  in  the  literature  of  geography,  as  lying  between 
the  Kennel K'C  and  ("aiie  Cod. 

3.  Twenty-one  years  earlier  (l-jS.*?)  Bellinger  (Ilakluyt's  friend)  visited 
the  citv  of  Norumliega.  found  it  still  to  contain  eighty  houses  covered 
with  ^'iirk  "/  //•.(',>.  and  carrying  on  an  extensive  and  varied  commerce. 

4.  Three  years  earlier  (1-")S(M  John  Walker,  sent  by  Sir  Humphrey 
fiilliert,  \  i<ited  tin-  nortli  side  of  the  river,  on  which  the  city  was  situated, 
1  ine  leagues  from  its  mouth,  where  he  found  in  one  hou.se  three  hundred 
hides,  eai'li  of  eighteen  square   feet  (bulTalo  skins?). 

').  Cap'aiu  .Iruyuges  and  iiis  mate.  Smith,  told  Ilakluyt  of  Spaniard- 
who  had  lieeii  diiveii  on  the  coast  of  NoriMnl)ega.  and  "lighted  on  a 
towiie  oil  a  ryvers  side."  which  they  aflirmed  to  lie  above  u  (juarter  of 
a   iiiih'   in   jriigtli. 

f).  David  Ingram  was  at  Nonimbega  in  innO.  eleven  years  before  ''Sir 
Humphrey  tliUicrt's  man,"  and  fouml  a  city  three  (|uarters  of  a  mile  long. 

7.  lkamu>io  (IV")())  describes  Niu-umbe^-a  with  great  precision,  as  a  citv      J 
and  co'intrv.  and   wi-ote  oi   its  people  and  products. 

8.  Thi'vet  was  on  our  Ciiast  in  l")"i((.  determined  the  latitude  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Charles  River  to  lie  42"  14'.  an<l  wrote  of  the  city  and  fort 
of  Norumhe.'a  nn  the  river  of  the  fMimo  name.  —  earlier,  he  said,  called 
.m  some  ehart-^  the   Rio  ()ianili\ 

9.  Allefonsce  was  here  in  l"t42-43,  and  determined  the  latitude  of 
(Ja|)e  Ann  and  the  site  of  the  city  of  Norumbega.  on  the  river  of  the 
same   iiniiii'. 


DEFF.NCKS  OK  NORrMI?E(;.\ 


10.  Parmontior  In  1539  recorded  the  position  of  tliu  city,  or  coiiiitrv. 
with  ri'<riinl  to  Capo  Breton  (Cape  Ann),  and  noted  the  features  of 
the  country. 

11.  (lonioz  in  1525  kidnapped  people  of  Norumbega,  and  carried  them 
home  to  Sjiain. 

12.  Vorraziuio  (1524)  visited  the  country,  and  recorded  on  liis  map 
Norse  names,  some  of  which  are  still  preserved  on  our  maps,  —  Norman's 
Oe  and  Naumkeag. 

13.  Ayllon,  in  1523,  was  made  governor  of  several  provinces  in  tlu; 
region  of  the  IJaccalaos,  extending  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  the  neiglil)orhood  of  the  latitude  of  Bermuda,  one  of  which  was  Arambe 
=  Arembi  ( L'eter  Martyr),  whose  site  was  on  the  Camas,  —  the  Charles, — 
identical  with  that  of  Norundjoga.  Back  to  this  point  the  charts  indi- 
cate the  piosonce  of  a  city  on  the  Charles  by  a  significant  typographical 
character.     The  discovery  was  made  by  Minielo  in  1520. 

14.  Buysch  (1507)  found  here  the  Bio  Grande,  —  the  earliest  name  of 
the  Charles  in  the  sixteenth  century,  —  with  islands  at  its  mouth,  and 
Cape  Cod.  then  an  island  (iK'aring  the  equivalent  name  of  Insel  Bacca- 
laurus) ;  also  the  Baya  de  Bockas  (Bay  of  Kocks),  figured  on  subsequent 
maps,  and  the  equivalent  of  the  numerous  breakers  indicated  on  the 
Coast  Survey  charts,  in  the   northern   part  of  Mas.sacluisetts  Bay. 

15.  Cortereal  was  here  in  1500,  and  left  his  name  to  the  region  of 
the  river  Norumbega.     (See  Kunstmann.) 

10.  Cosa's  map  of  the  same  date,  indorsed  by  Dr.  Shifter  (the  probable 
work  of  a  sailor  who  had  h-cn  witii  John  Cabot),  has  preserved  for  us 
Cape  Ann  (Cape  Britain  =  Cape  Breton)  in  Cavo  de  Yngla  Terra,  — tlie 
mouth  of  the  Charles,  and  also  the  islands,  then  at  the  summit  of  Cape 
Cod,  but  now  connected  by  drifting  sands  with  the  mainland. 

17.  Cabot's  chart  of  14 '.17.  indorsed  by  Michael  Lok  (15S2),  pre- 
sents the  outline  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  its  northern  and  southern  capes, 
and  the  archipelago  at  the  mouth  of  the  Charles,  and  on  it  the  name 
NouniiiKcA. 


ItKFKXCKS  OF   NOUUMUEGA. 


A  Resume  from  Another  Point  of  View,  including  \uTnoRiTiEs. 

1.  Thore  Wiia  a  io<,'ion  of  country  in  America  called  Norumbega. — 
Charlevoix.  rurcliiu<,  Chainplain.  Ilakluyt,  Sir  Humphrey  CJilbert,  Dr.  John 
Dee,  Kanuu^io,  Thevet.    Allet'onsce,    Pariuentier,   Gomez,   Verrazauo,    Peter 

iMartyr. 

2.  There  wax  a  city  of  Norumbega.  Numerous  maps  of  the  sixteenth 
and  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  centuries  show  it. 

3.  It  WHS  described  by  Allefonsce.  Thevet,  Kamusio,  David  Ingram, 
Stephen  Bellinger.  Ilakluyt,  Wytlliet,  Chainplain,  U'scarbot,  and  Purciias. 

4.  It  was  visited  by  Ingram,  who  found  it  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
long;  later  by  Stephen  Hellinger,  who  counted  there  eighty  houses;  by 
Walker.  Thevet,  Allefonsce,  in  the  sixteenth  century ;  and  by  a  party 
under  the  direction  of  Champlain  in   ir)(t4. 

5.  It  was  sitiKited  on  a  river  in  the  forty-third  degree.  —  Allefonsce, 
Thevet.  I'urolias.  OgiHiy.  IJuno's  Cluvi'rius. 

(.').  It  was  in  the  original  New  France.  —  Verrazano.  Allefonsce,  Mer- 
cator.  Wytlliet.  and   maps  generally  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

7.  At  the  iiiiiuth  of  the  river  was  an  archipelago.  —  The  Vineland 
Siigas,  Cosa,  RuvmIi.  ViTia/jino.  (iomez,  Hibero,  Allefonsce,  Thevet,  Lok, 
ChaiiiplaiM.  and  tlio  Coast  Survt  y. 

S.  At  the  eiitnuicc  to  the  aicliipclago  was  a  salient  of  the  shape  of  the 
human  arm,  called  Aiii//ii.^c"ii  by  the  Irocpiois  (''the  human  arm"),  and  Xidi- 
tiishrt  by  Winthrop  ami  the  Coast  Survey.  The  arm  is  described  by  Thevet  ; 
figured  by  Champlain,  lA'scarltot.  Winthrop,  and  the  Coast  Survey. 

9.  The  latitude  of  this  arm  was  determined  by  Thevet  as  42^  14'.  The 
Coast  .'Purvey  gives  it  12    IS'. 

10.  The  river  was  called  Rio  flrande  by  Ruy.sch  (1507),  Mercator, 
Wytlliet,  Mud  otlier'^.  iiiid  Norundiegne  by  Allefonsce  and  Thevet.  Kohl 
,ind  Thevet  say  tlie  names  "drande"  and  "  Norumbegue "  applied  to 
the  Miine  river. 


DKKKXCKS  OF   NORl'MREGA. 


79 


11.  The  river,  wliose  outer  mouth  is  at  Nantasket,  John  Smith  called 
the  Charles,  —  tlie  name  it  still  bears. 

12.  The  site  of  the  city,  according  to  Purchas,  speaking  for  the  literature 
of  the  geography  of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  within  the  land  between 
the  Kennebec  and  Cape  Cod,  —  the  forty-third  degree. 

lo.  Chainplain  (100 1)  figured  on  his  map  (lGl-_>),  and  Lescarbot  on 
his  map  (ICU'J),  between  the  Kennebec  and  Cape  Cod  (Malebarre),  a  cluster 
of  houses,  and  described  it  as  consisting  only  of  scattered  bark-covered 
cabins,  upon  the  bank  of  a  river  emptying  into  an  archipelago. 

14.  At  the  outer  entrance  to  the  archipelago  from  the  sea  was  the  arm- 
shaped  cape  (Nantasket, —  Point  Allerton),  without  which  was  a  rocky  cape 
called  by  Cliamplain  and  Lescarbot  —  as  by  Wintlirop,  the  Coast  Survey, 
and  local  maps  —  Co/iami,  Allefonsce  and  Thevot  noted  the  rocks  and 
^washings  and  little  islets  off  Cohasset.  the  Cape  of  Many  Islands. 

15.  Above  the  arcliipclago  the  river  flowed  through  a  lake,  landlocked, 
salt  at  llood-tide  and  frosli  at  ebl).  figured  between  Carenas  and  Cape  Breton, 
on  the  maps  of  Ortelius  ( ir)70),  Solis  (159S).  and  Botero  (1G0.3).  On  these 
maps  at  the  same  point  above  the  lake  (and  on  Solis's  map,  with  the  cipher 
indicating  a  city),  on  the  Kio  Grande  (the  Charles),  are  the  names,  respec- 
tively, Norumbega.  Noruega,  and  Norvega.'  —  all  dialectic  eijuivalents  of 
Norway.  All  these  are  placeil  in  the  original  New  France,  which  held  the 
.site  of  Boston.  Verra/ano  found  the  lake  three  leagues  around,  the  tide 
at  its  mouth  eight  feet  (the  minimum  measiu'e  to-day),  and  the  shores 
thickly  populated,  as  Tlievet  did,  by  a  hospitable  people,  Thorfiim  found 
the  entrance  of  the  river  into  the  lake  (below  our  present  Brookline 
bridge)  too  shallow  for  navigation  at  low  tide.  The  depth  at  this  point 
at  low  tide  is,  to-day.  three  and  a  half  feet.  Thorfinn  gave  to  this  lake, 
through  which  according  to  Lcif  a  river  flowed  to  the  .sea.  its  Icelandic 
luime  of  IIuj),  — "  a  small  land-locked  bay,  salt  at  flood  tide,  and  fresh  at 

«  TliL-  iiaiiv^  .V.rivva  given  hy  liot.'i-o,  tdii:!,  to  the  ve-ioii  of  Xoniiul.esii.  w.is  the  same  as  that 
4iv,-M  to  Norway  in  Euroi-e  by  Solis  (of  Seville),  l.-i!»v  by  lio.uunl  Sylvani,  l.-.ll;  and  ou  Tabula 
Caliilana,   l:!:.J-l;!7S. 


UKKKNCLS   (»!•    MtlU  MHi;<!A. 


,bb."'      As   a   (liscriptive    iinmt'    it    npiilius   well    to-diiy.      Wo    cnll    it   tic 
Utixtiiii    llihl,     lliiji.       I-t'ir.    'riunwalii.    'riunlinii,    ami     Fivydi.s,    all    piisscj 


throii''li    tins 


11 


|i   on    ilit'ir  wiiy 


to    tlie   site  of   Leif's   lioiist's.' 


Iti.    'riiorl'mu  ivconl.s  in  tiu'  Sa^'u.s  hi'lbre  iIk-  mouth  of  the  rivor  "  great 

tioiis    tht'iii,  and    Tliovi't    dt'sc'ril)i!s    iIkmu    in   Ills 


islands. 


AlK'l'onsi'i'    iiK'ii 


relation.  ClKinipiain  calls  tin.'  fUtranco  "  I'ort  aiix  Isles."  On  many  maps 
ha VI'.  Ihti'.  Cape  de  Ligus,  Mnchas  Isias,  rjjij,'iis  l.xlas.  etc.  The 
ior   was   called    on    earlier   iiiai)s    the    Archipelago  of    (jomez.     Boston 


we 

llarl 


II 


uIk)!',  as  wi' 


know,  contains  numerous  island.- 


th; 


17.    Kuucr  Chipp  pa.xsed  throujjh  the   15ack   Hay  in  Id.'lO,  to  within  le.^s 
!in   a  iiillc  (if   the  site  of   the  city  ol'   Norundiega,   and  hartered  for  lish 


cau'dit  liv 


Iniliaus  at   the  tails  (m 


the  liver  ai)ove.  The  falls  were  described 
hv  Wuuil.  .loscclyn,  and  Dunton,  as  a  place  where  a  fish  industry  was 
niaintainrd   in  the  spawning  sea.Mni.     The   industry,  at   first   iindi'r  personal 


charter    Iruiu 


veais   airi). 


Wintl 


rop.    was    continued    from    that    time    till    .some 


thirty 


IS.  Wiuthnip  (ili<(>rved  the  fall  lan  ahrnpt  break  from  still  water  to 
rapiil>i.  It  was  ueci-ioned  by  a  dam. —  an  artificial  structinv  composed  of 
ma.s«i\c  lleldbowlders.  It  was  there  when  lie  came.  It  had  been  built  by 
a  people  wIm)  iiad  cuine  and  lmuc.  Be-^ides  the  dam,  there  were  ilocks, 
wharves,  a   ti>h\\av.  and   a   L'reat  extetit  of  stone-wall  on  either  side  of  the 


river 


ImI, 


WlUi 


li.  IVoni  its  -^irikinudv  smooth  face  on  the  river  side  and 


its   <rr.ided    lieiLdit    ,i!id    connectidn-i   abo\i'  and   Ixdow.  obviously  served   ti 
increase  at   hii.di  tide  the  depth  of  water  immediately  below  the  dam. 


A    SlMM.MtV    OK    TIIK    AlICIMKNT    IS    AnOTHKU    FoFJM. 

The  detached  sheet  at  paire  .".'J  ])resents  a  series  of  maps  of  the  New 
P^njfland  coast  maiidy  of  the  si.xteenth  century,  on  which  appears  the 
name  ■•  NtJiumheLra.  '  variously  spelled,  —  applied  sometimes  to  a  country. 


'    S.-.>  •■  I'rubl.'til  of  tlic    .Ncrll.l 


;*«r 


'EP^  DC    CANCERi 

■i  \ 


vNCEK 


^'AUl 


■c<> 


l)KFEN(i:s  OK  nouumi»K(;a. 


8J 


pomctirnos  to  a  river,  l)ut  unifonnly  to  a  city,  and  accompanied  by  a 
cyplicr  indicMtiu^  its  place  on  t.iie  left  bank  of  the  river.  This  river 
finds  its  month  i)etween  Cape  IJreton  and  Cape  Arenas.  The  river  and 
the  capes  liave  each  several  names. 

The  detached  sheet  at  page  bij  has  at  its  head  the  sketches  of  Alle- 
fonsce,  siiowing  his  discovery  that  there  were  l/fo  Ca/ic  Brelunx,  of  whit'h 
the  more  southern,  according  to  his  relation,  was  in  the  forty-third  degree. 
These  sketches  and  the  photographic  fac-similcs  —  from  the  mann^^'cript 
originals  in  the  15il)liothe(|iie  Nationale — wiiich  follow,  and  the  ..  vt.on 
iha^  accompanies  them,  connect  this  Ca]ie  Bii'ton  with  the  Norumbcg;! 
Rive,  and  the  city  of  the  same  name  on  its  banks,  all  in  the  I'orty-tiiird 
degree. 

The  relation  of  Thevet.  from  vhich  tlio  sketch  at  the  left  is  made, 
gives  the  latitude  of  the  mouth  of  this  river  of  Norunibegiie  —  which. 
as  the  course*  of  the  river  is  eiist  and  west,  is  also  very  nearly  the 
latitude  of  the  city  on  its  lianks  —  as  42°  11'.  His  oI).servati()n  was  made 
at  the  cl!)ow  of  Nantasket  and  Hull.  —  the  outer  mouth  of  the  Cliarles. — 
wliich,  according  to  the  ('oast  Survey  nuip.  is  in  4-  IS',  and  within  the 
Cape  of  'he  Mi'S,  described  by  himself,  Allefonsce,  Chamjilaiu,  Thoriinn, 
and  nK)ny  others. 

To  this  cape  ('hami)lain  gives  on  his  map.  H'il2  (it  is  also  a  river 
on  the  .sheet  on  pag"  ri;"),.  the  Indian  name  lie  found.  —  ('liouaioet.  Les- 
carbot's  map  of  Ifid'.'  giv  s  th(>  'Kime  name.  It  is  the  modern  Coliasset. 
Chainplain  also  gives  on  his  map  the  striking  ligure  of  the  elbow  at  N'au- 
tasket  and  Hull.  Thevet  describes  it  at  length,  and  give<  it  the  Iroquois 
nanto  /Iwawvj.v, —  a  human  arm. 

Heyoiid  Ixtstou  I'.ay  at  the  head  ul'  tide  water,  on  Champiaiu's  iiiaj)  a- 
we  can  see  jdiove.  is  a  noted  angle  in  the  Charles.  Aiiove  liiis,  at  the 
site  of  the  present  Watertown.  ('haniplain  givc^  a  cluster  of  houses.— 
the  indication   of  a  settlement. 

The  maps  that  follow  show  the  confusion  in  carlograi>liy  that  attendei] 
the  announcement  of  Chauiplain 'and  his  companion  historiographers,  under 


i»< 


S2 


nEKKN(  KS  OK   NOUrMIJEGA. 


Do  Mdiits.  (hat  Norumbega  wius  not  on  tlio  Charles,  but  if  anywhere    oti 

the  Pi'iioliscot. 

The   iiii-a  that   prevailod  lufore   Champhvin's  timo.  ns  held  by  Thevet 

was    tli.it    Xoniinht'ga    was    hotweon    the    Kennebec    and    Cape    Cod  or 

.Mailobar.  Clinriiplain  and  Lfsearbot,  and  their  associates,  scouted  the 
idea  that  tlie  place  to  which  they  were  conducted  as  the  site  of  the 
ancient  city  of  Xoninihega  could  be  the  true  one,  and  stoutly  held 
that  the  city  was  on  the   I'onobscot.' 

One  of  the  map-iuaUers.  as  we  have  seen,  to  meet  the  exigency. 
conceived  the  name  of  Keinieliec  and  the  Peintagoet  (the  Penobscot)  to 
be  (lii])licate  names  of  the  same  river.  Another  placed  the  Kennebec 
//"////  of  the  Penobscot.— which  would  give  Pemtagoet.  —  the  place  of  the 
river  .Norunibc>ruc.  — between   the  Keintebec  and  Mallebar  (Cape  Cod). 

Ch.impliiin  in  W.V1,  nnable  to  reconcile  his  text  with  what  he  had 
tonnil.  struck   Xorunibega.  city  and  country,  from  his  map  altogether. 

AVinthmp'-^  m;ip  of  it;,]!  gives  roneyha.s.^et,  —  the  Cliouacoet  of  Cham- 
plain  and  Lescarhot.  —  niid  within  it  Nant.asket.  the  e!l)ow  of  Champlain 
iml  '1  never.  He  jrives  th..  outer  and  inner  harbor,  and  at  the  head 
of  tide   water  the  dam  and   fall. 

The  outline  fmni  the  skeleton  Coast  Survey  chart,  with  .some  selected 
and  some  addeil  name-  indicating  the  results  of  discovery,  closes  the 
series. 

Tins  map  embraces  the  reirion  of  the  original  New  Friinco  of  Ver- 
i.i/ano.  This  New  France  api  ear^^  on  the  maps  at  the  bottom  of  the  first 
series,  page  ,18,  in  which  wa^^  one.,  a  Province  of  Norway,  and  in  that 
Province   the  city  oi  Norundieira. 


I  am  not  only  keeidy  alive  t..  the  fact  that  there  are  those  who  doubt 
the  presence  in  early  times  of  a  colony  of  Northm.'U  in  New  England. 
but   I  am  well  aware  also,   t'.ja.  whatever   proof  may  be   pre.sented,  there 

'  Kr.  P.  Fiiar.l  wrofp  Iv.fnre  MM  that  hr  lia,!  sought  in  v;ui.  for  t\y,  ,itv,  (Soo  [.Wlere.  Mait,.' 
Ilistorica!  Soriftv  i 


DEKKNCE.s  OF  N(»ui;mui;ga. 


88 


will  continue  to  be  men  of  this  stamp.  While  my  own  assent  to  the 
proposition  was  long  ago  coinpk'te,  it  has  consumed  not  a  little  time  to 
array  the  evidence,  which  was  satisfactory  to  nivsolf.  in  such  potential 
form  as  might  meet  the  demands  of  critical  examination  on  the  i)art  of 
others.  Sucii  arrnngement  is  an  essential  condition  to  the  study  of  the 
question,  and  may  fairly  be  demanded.  1  have,  as  I  conceive,  obeyed 
the  recjuirement.  1  feel  that  I  have  demonstrated  the  identity  of  the 
site  of  the  ancient  city  of  Xorimibega  with  that  of  Watertown,  on  tite 
river  Charles,  in  tlie  State  of  Massachusetts. 

That  the  Nortlnnen,  as  soon  as  Lcif  and  his  immediate  successors 
had  pointed  out  the  way  and  re]K)rted  on  the  fruitfulness  of  the  land, 
should  have  come  from  inliospitable,  ice-clad  Greenland  to  "  Vineland  the 
Good,"  abounding  in  corn  and  wine,  was  most  natural.  That  most  who 
came  to  Vineland  remained,  and  ultimately  became  merged  in  the  nntive 
race,  might  naturally  have  been  expected.  Tluit  this  emigration  of  North- 
men (an  estimated  one  of  ten  thousand)  couliniied,  to  the  itltimate  de- 
population of  Greenland,  —  a  hitherto  misolvcd  prol)lem,  —  suggests  itself 
as  not  improbable.  As  evidences  of  it,  there  are  found,  it  is  believed, 
traces  of  Norse  life,  habits,  ethnological  features,  and  language  among  the 
Indian  tribes  once  liere  at  tlie  East,  as  well  as  among  those  now  at  the 
West,  and  not  less  at  the  South  and  North.  What  a  lield  for  anti- 
quarian research  is  opened   up  to  one  who  loolis  out  from  Norumbega! 


Perlinps  I  ought  distinctly  to  apologize  for  the  numerous  repetitions 
which  1  iiave  bi'eii  unabU-  to  escape  in  my  etVort  dearly  to  present  the 
evidence  that  has  fallen  to  me.  It  has  seemed  desirable  to  summarize 
and  present  it  from  •  M-e  than  one  point  of  view.  1  can  see  that  iu 
this  wav  my  paper  i.  marred.  However,  in  part  justification  I  have 
oidy  to  say  that  my  paper  is  intemlei]  to  be  simply  an  attempt  at  a 
convincing  arranirement  of  evidence  called  for  by  the  nature  of  the  prob- 
lem, and  by  the  critics  who  hold  that  there  is  little  or  no  substantial 
evidence    that    the    Northmen    ever   even    set    foot    upon,  much    less    that 


84 


DEKKNCKS  OF   NOIUMBKGA 


thoy  loft   any  arohivological  traces  in, — such    as  ''one   stone    piled    upon 
another,"  —  or  colonized,  any   portion   of  the  soil  of  the  United  States. 

My  next    paper   will    serve   to    connect    the    foregoing  paper   with   the 
••  Landfall  of   Leif  and   the   Site    of   his   Houses,"  as  told  in  the  Vinrland 


.bugas. 


I  am  very  truly  yours. 


rAMr:;Mii;i,    April,    ISIl 


Eben  Noktox  Horsford, 


imv:^ 


upon 

es. 

1   the 
.'liiiid 


ORD. 


